{"id":5729,"date":"2025-02-25T11:57:19","date_gmt":"2025-02-25T11:57:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=5729"},"modified":"2025-02-25T11:57:20","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T11:57:20","slug":"osmanli-malay-calismalari-hakkinda-kisa-bir-deneme-ii-a-short-essay-on-ottoman-malay-studies-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/osmanli-malay-calismalari-hakkinda-kisa-bir-deneme-ii-a-short-essay-on-ottoman-malay-studies-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cOsmanl\u0131-Malay \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\u201d Hakk\u0131nda K\u0131sa Bir Deneme (II) \/ A Short Essay on \u201cOttoman-Malay Studies\u201d (II)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                          25.02.2025<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131-Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konusunda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve bir oturumda sunma imk\u0203n\u0131 buldu\u011fum g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimi bu ikinci yaz\u0131yla payla\u015fmaya devam ediyorum. Bu yaz\u0131lar\u0131n, en az\u0131ndan son on y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Osmanl\u0131-Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konusunda ortaya konulmas\u0131 beklenen s\u00fcre\u00e7lere dair de, -\u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde-, bir fikir verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980\u2019ler ve Sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6ncelikle, Malezya\u2019n\u0131n akabinde \u201cMalay D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme geli\u015finin 1980\u2019lerin sonu, 1990\u2019lar boyunca baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerinin Malezya\u2019da, sekiz \u00fclkenin i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle 1983\u2019de kurulan Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130slam \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde (International Islamic University Malaysia<\/em>-IIUM) ders vermelerinin ba\u015fat bir rol\u00fc var. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 bile, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya konu olacak imk\u00e2nlar sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu vesile ile s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde Malezya Federasyonu\u2019nda bulunan akademisyenlerin halen hayatta oldu\u011funu ve bu konuda en yak\u0131n s\u00fcrede y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktora d\u00fczeyinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara konu edilmesinin \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekmek isterim. Bu ba\u011flamda, O d\u00f6nem kimler geldi\u011fine k\u0131saca bir bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar, belki de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullar\u0131n bir sonucu olarak baz\u0131 akademisyenlerin Malezya\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130slam \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki \u00e7e\u015fitli fak\u00fcltelerde dersler vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar oldu. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, say\u0131s\u0131 yirmiyi bulan \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi, de\u011fi\u015fik y\u0131llar boyunca bu \u00fcniversitede kendi alanlar\u0131nda dersler verdi. Hocalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren, s\u00f6z konusu \u00fcniversitede dersler vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu isimlere, -bir iki istisna hari\u00e7, de\u011finmeyece\u011fim…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrklerinden iktisat\u00e7\u0131 kimli\u011fiyle tan\u0131nan \u2018Ozay Mehmet\u2019, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flara haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlar ile \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, iktisat alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f olan Ozay Mehmet\u2019in \u00fcretken bir akademisyen oldu\u011fu kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle, \u0130ngilizce eserlerle aralar\u0131nda baz\u0131 siyasi fig\u00fcrlerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da yer alacak \u015fekilde Malay-T\u00fcrk ba\u011flamlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik makale ve kitap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, ilgili kesimlerce eserleri bilinen Ozay Mehmet\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n -kan\u0131mca- T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de arzu edilen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulmamas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni eserlerini \u0130ngilizce yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekle birlikte, 1980\u2019li ve 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen binlerce y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktora \u00f6\u011frencisinin \u0130ngilizce\u2019ye hakimiyetlerini de burada hat\u0131rlatmakta ve Ozay Mehmet ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki eserlere e\u011finilmemesini ba\u015fka nedenlere ba\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek isterim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131llar sonra A\u00e7e\u2019yle ba\u015flayan yaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde, \u201cAcaba, A\u00e7e\u2019yle ilgili yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f an\u0131lar var m\u0131d\u0131r diye?\u201d soruma cevap ararken, bir arkada\u015f\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla merhum Teoman Durali Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u2018Sorun Nedir?\u2019 kitab\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu vesileyle onu da, bu mahallerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi gezilerinde Batak\u2019\u0131ndan, Dayak\u2019\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018kelle avc\u0131lar\u0131na\u2019 de\u011findi\u011fi o g\u00fczel sat\u0131rlar\u0131 vesilesiyle hat\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015f olay\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00fcrecin do\u011fal bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak k\u0131smen de olsa, entellekt\u00fcel etkile\u015fimin g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit olduk. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, \u00f6zellikle yerel y\u00f6netimlerde g\u00fcndeme gelen de\u011fi\u015fimin bir vechesi, \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi\u2019nin k\u00fclt\u00fcr i\u015flerince organize edilen entellekt\u00fcel-akademik toplant\u0131lar serisiyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buluyordu. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, o d\u00f6nem d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinden, farkl\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerinden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman entellekt\u00fcel ve akademisyenlerin daveti s\u00f6z konusu oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 benim de \u015fahsen, -en az\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131- takip etmekten b\u00fcy\u00fck keyif ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m o g\u00fcnlerdeki toplant\u0131lardan birinde, Malezya\u2019n\u0131n son bir y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli entellekt\u00fcel olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m Prof. Dr. Seyid Nakip el-Attas da davet edilmi\u015fti. O sunumda Prof. Dr. Alparslan A\u00e7\u0131kgen\u00e7 ve Prof. Dr. Teoman Durali de tart\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 olarak yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, Nakip el-Attas\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n terc\u00fcmelerinin yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Ancak, bu vesileyle, \u201cT\u00fcrk hocalar\u0131n Kuala Lumpur\u2019daki akademik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00fcniversite hocalar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye \u00fcniversitelerinde katk\u0131lar\u0131na bug\u00fcne kadar tan\u0131k olundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir mi?\u201d diye sormakta yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019na K\u00fcresel Bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antropolojik ve sosyolojik ba\u011flamda Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan co\u011frafi geni\u015fli\u011fin dolayl\u0131 olarak ortaya koydu\u011fu bir husus var ki o da, bu b\u00f6lgenin bat\u0131 ve kuzeyinden ge\u00e7en iki ana arter suyolu ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ara suyollar\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131ndan ne\u015fet eden Hint Alt K\u0131tas\u0131 ve \u00c7in ili\u015fkisidir (Hall, 2001: 99).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131 denilen co\u011frafyan\u0131n iki ana suyolu yani, Hint Okyanusu ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi ile Arap Denizi, Basra K\u00f6rfezi, Bengal K\u00f6rfezi, Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131 gibi suyollar\u0131n\u0131n tarih boyunca g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015flevden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anla\u015f\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (Colombijn, 1994: 39; Pott, 1988: 377, d.n.7). Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, Hint Okyanusu\u2019nun Bat\u0131\u2019s\u0131nda insan ve emtia mobilitesinin b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in \u00f6nemi i\u00e7in \u015fu esere bak\u0131labilir (Barendse, 2002: 5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu suyollar\u0131, bir yandan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve hatta \u00f6ncesinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde n\u00fcfuz ve etkile\u015fimine konu olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Malay b\u00f6lgesi aras\u0131nda tarihin de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerinde kuruldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenen ili\u015fkilerin Hint Okyanusu \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada, Hint Okyanusu\u2019nun bat\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00fcren ticari faaliyette di\u011fer milletlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrk unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekilmektedir (Kennedy, 1993: 22).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hint Okyanusu\u2019ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ne ve do\u011fuda Cava, Banda, Sulawesi, Sulu denizlerinde hakim olan muson iklimi de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00f6nemlerde farkl\u0131 denizci, t\u00fcccar ve seyyahlar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal gruplar\u0131n faaliyetlerine olanak tan\u0131yordu. D\u00f6nemin denizcilik teknolojisi ve seyahat mesafesinin uzunlu\u011fu \u00f6te yandan muson ikliminin s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi unsurlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli milletlere mensup denizci, t\u00fcccar, seyyah ve hac\u0131lar gibi farkl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n bu geni\u015f co\u011frafyan\u0131n \u00f6zellikle, liman \u015fehirlerinde \u00e7o\u011fulcu toplum yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmelerine ve bu anlamda, dini-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n payla\u015fmas\u0131na ve hatta dif\u00fczyonist yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa imk\u00e2n tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekilmelidir (Lee, 1978: 25). Kuzey Sumatra \u00f6rne\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015fu esere bak\u0131labilir (Boxer, 1996: 270). Muson iklimi, deniz ticaretini y\u00f6nlendiren birincil etken olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u2018ticaret musonlar\u0131\u2019 olarak da an\u0131l\u0131yordu (Chittick, 1979: 1; Rivers, 2004: 76; Reid, 1993: 64).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Cava Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde geli\u015fmekte olan bir \u0130slam beldesi Demak\u2019\u0131n \u0130slamla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde, Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyindeki Pasai ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 hat\u0131rlanmaya de\u011fer b\u00f6lgesel siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezleridir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilen Pasaili m\u00fcbelli\u011fin, bl\u00f6gedeki etkinli\u011finin sadece, Malay co\u011frafyas\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aksine, Bat\u0131 Hindistan\u2019da G\u00fccerat ile Hicaz b\u00f6lgesinde Mekke\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaretlerle d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rneklik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir (Hall, 2001: 101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z konusu bu suyollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tarih boyunca ticari, sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dini ve siyasal yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda s\u00fcreklilik arz eden ili\u015fkiler zincirinde Hint Alt K\u0131tas\u0131 ve \u00c7in kayda de\u011fer bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Her iki b\u00f6lge, tarihin de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerine kaynakl\u0131k etmesiyle Malay co\u011frafyas\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131k insan sto\u011funu olu\u015ftururken, sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dini ve siyasi yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, Hinduizm ve Budizm ile dini yap\u0131lar, ticaret ile ekonomi yap\u0131lar\u0131 geni\u015f suyollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki hareketlilik Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerin b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczeylerde ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirildi\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, 1272 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019den Lamuri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131na el\u00e7ilerin g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir (Groeneveltdt, 1960: 28; Koentjaraningrat, 1980: 127).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, \u00c7in\u2019de \u00f6rne\u011fin Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (960-1276) gibi de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00f6nemlerde denizcilik konusundaki giri\u015fimler Tak\u0131madalar b\u00f6lgesi ile ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015ftirilmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lge denizcili\u011fine dair konular\u0131 ele alan eserlerde \u00c7in gemilerinin Sumatra\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc A\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesinde Lamuri<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Lamuri<\/em>\u2019nin, ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131 ile yani, Hindistan ve Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin deniz ticaretindeki yerine vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Hall, 1985: 196).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna il\u00e2ve olarak, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7inli Budist hac\u0131lar\u0131n Hindistan\u2019a ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri uzun yolculuklar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli liman \u015fehirlerindeki tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 bug\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili en erken yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar olarak bilinmektedir (Wolters, 1974: 15, 17, 21; Diffie; Winius,  1977: 8). Ayr\u0131ca, devlet b\u00fcrokrasisinin geli\u015fmesine paralel olarak b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili erken d\u00f6nem yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n tutulmas\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in b\u00f6lgedeki site devletleriyle ili\u015fkilerinin rol\u00fc ve \u00f6nemini ortaya koyarken, bu site devletleriyle ilgili at\u0131flar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1397 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bir s\u00fcredir \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na vergilerini vermeyen baz\u0131 site devletlerine at\u0131f yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda \u00c7ampa, Kambo\u00e7ya, Siam, Java, Bruney, Pahang ve Sumatra gibi yer isimleri zikredilmektedir (Groeneveltdt, 1960: 69).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Tak\u0131madalar b\u00f6lgesinde olu\u015fmas\u0131 kadar, bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n tarihsel olarak Asya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinde belirleyici olan Hindistan ve \u00c7in\u2019le yak\u0131n etkile\u015fim halinde oldu\u011fu bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, bug\u00fcn dahi izlerine rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Hint ve \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Budizm-Hinduizmin b\u00f6lge toplumlar\u0131nda, \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi bunun bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, Hint ve \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00f6lgedeki etkisini ortaya koyan akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan birka\u00e7\u0131na de\u011finmekte fayda var. Bu konudaki \u00f6nc\u00fc isimlerden biri olan George Coedes\u2019in kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Indianized States of Southeast Asia<\/em> ve O. W. Wolters\u2019\u0131n eseri Early Indonesian Commerce<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 zikredilmeye de\u011ferdir. \u00d6zellikle, Wolters\u2019in \u00e7al\u015fmas\u0131 1970\u2019lerden itibaren g\u00fcndeme gelen revizyonist anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n temsilcisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lge ticari yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Wolters, ayr\u0131ca b\u00fct\u00fcn bir b\u00f6lgeden ziyade belirli teritoryal alanlardaki geli\u015fmeleri dikkate almas\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu alanda, bir di\u011fer eser, Kenneth Hall\u2019\u0131n A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritima Trade and Societal Development 1000-1500 <\/em>adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Hall\u2019\u0131n bu eseri yukar\u0131da zikredilen ikinci grup yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n devam\u0131 mahiyetinde olup, Hint ve \u00c7in etkile\u015fiminden ziyade yerli unsurlar\u0131n bu alandaki yap\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisine konu\u015flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada Hall\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yabanc\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n bask\u0131n bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturma \u00f6nceli\u011finden ziyade, yerli unsurlar\u0131n sentez ve adaptasyon g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r (Hall, 2011: ix). B\u00f6ylece, yerli sosyal dinamiklerin kendi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve yap\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerine konu\u015flanmas\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir teorik yakla\u015f\u0131m \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wolters ve Hall\u2019\u0131n, eserleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekilen yenilik\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin post-kolonyal s\u00fcrece tekab\u00fcl etmesiyle sosyal bilimlerde yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Avrupa ve ABD kamp\u00fcslerinde genel anlam\u0131yla sosyal tarih okumalar\u0131nda, toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin etkinli\u011finde bireylerin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar\u0131n e\u011filinmesinin de bir etkisi oldu\u011funa \u015f\u00fcphe yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, Do\u011fu Asya\u2019da bir adalar \u00fclkesi olan Japonya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Medici d\u00f6nemi ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6z-modernle\u015fmeci \u00e7abalar\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak gerek ticari faaliyetler gerekse giderek artan bir \u015fekilde siyasal yap\u0131la\u015fma noktas\u0131nda G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile temas\u0131n\u0131n giderek art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu geli\u015fmenin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru b\u00f6lgedeki ad\u0131yla ifade etmek gerekirse, Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Asya Asyal\u0131lar\u0131nd\u0131r ilkesinden ve bunun bir g\u00f6stergesi olan Pan-Asyac\u0131l\u0131k ideolojisinden hareketle t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge \u00fczerinde sergiledi\u011fi yay\u0131lmac\u0131 ve geni\u015flemeci politikalardan Malay b\u00f6lgesi de etkilenmi\u015ftir (Samarani, 2004: 6). \u00d6yle ki, Malay co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerinin ye\u015fermesi ve geli\u015fmesi Japonya\u2019n\u0131n kayda de\u011fer bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda Japon-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Japonlar\u0131n kazanmas\u0131 Tak\u0131madalar\u2019daki halklar nezdinde \u2018beyaz \u0131rk\u0131\u2019 temsil eden Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Asyal\u0131lar\u0131n kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zafer olarak tel\u00e2kki edilerek milliyet\u00e7ilik hareketlerinde kayda de\u011fer bir referans noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur (Ferro, 2017: 168).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barendse, R. J. (2002). The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century, Armonk: An East Gate Book.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boxer, C. R. (1996). \u201cA Note on Portuguese Reactions to the Revival of the Red Sea Spice Trade and the Rise of Atjeh: 1540-1600\u201d, (ed.), M. N. Pearson, Spices in the Indian Ocean World<\/em>, Variorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chittick, Neville. (1979). \u201cIndian Relations with East Africa Before the Arrival of the Portuguese\u201d, (ed.), \u2018The Indian Ocean in Focus\u2019 International Conference on Indian Ocean Studies<\/em>, Section III The History of Commercial Exchange&Maritime Transport, Perth Western Australia, People Helping People.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colombijn, Freek. (1994). Patches of Padang: The History of an Indonesian Town in the Twentieth Century and the Use of Urban Space, Leiden: Research School CNWS, s. 39;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415-1580<\/em>, Vol. I, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ferro, Marc. (2017). S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Tarihi: Fetihlerden Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Hareketlerine 13. Y\u00fczy\u0131l-20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l,<\/em> (\u00c7ev.: Muna Cedden), 3. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul: \u0130mge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Groeneveltdt, W. P. (1960). Historical Notes on Indonesia&Malaya -Compiled From Chinese Sources-<\/em>, Djakarta: C. V. Bhratara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hall, Kenneth R. (2001). \u201cThe Roots of ASEAN: Regional Identities in the Strait of Melaka Region Circa 1500 C. E.\u201d, Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 29, No. 1. (87-119).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hall, Kenneth R. (1985). Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia<\/em>, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy, J. (1993). A History of Malaya<\/em>, 3rd<\/sup> Edition, Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Sooriya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koentjaraningrat. (1980). \u201cJavanese Terms for God and Supernatural Beings and the Idea of Power\u201d, In Man, Meaning and History: Essays in Honour of H. G. Schulte Nordholt<\/em>, (ed.), R. Schefold; J. W. Schoorl and J. Tennekes, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. (127-139).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lee, Edwin. (1978). \u201cTrade and migration in the Malay World\u201d, Berita Antropologi<\/em> (Majalah Ilmu Sosial dan Budaya), Th. X, No. 35. (25-37).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pott, P. H. (1988). \u201cWillem Verstegen: An Extraordinary Member of the Council of the East Indies as Adventurer in India in 1659\u201d, In Dutch Authors on Asian History: A Selection of Dutch Historiography on the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, (ed.), M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz; M. E. Van Opstall; G. J. Schutte, Dordrecht-Holland: Foris Publications. (331-360).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rivers, P. J. (2004). \u201cMoonsoon Rhythms and Trade Patterns: Ancient Times East of Suez\u201d, JMBRAS<\/em>, Vol. LXXVII, Part 2, No. 287.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reid, Anthony. (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680, Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis<\/em>, Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samarani, Guido. (2004). \u201cThe Asian Connection: Dynamics of Colonialism, Nationalism and Identity in East and South Asia, 1915-1945, EJEAS<\/em>, 3. 1, Leiden: Brill. (1-14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wolters, O. W. (1974). Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya<\/em>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, II. Bask\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam edecek…<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                          25.02.2025 Osmanl\u0131-Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konusunda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve bir oturumda sunma imk\u0203n\u0131 buldu\u011fum g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimi bu ikinci yaz\u0131yla payla\u015fmaya devam ediyorum. Bu yaz\u0131lar\u0131n, en az\u0131ndan son on y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Osmanl\u0131-Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konusunda ortaya konulmas\u0131 beklenen s\u00fcre\u00e7lere dair de, -\u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde-, bir fikir verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. 1980\u2019ler ve Sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6ncelikle, Malezya\u2019n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5730,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5729"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5731,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5729\/revisions\/5731"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}