Mehmet \u00d6zay 24.01.2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bundan 151 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yani, 24 Ocak 1874 tarihi, A\u00e7e\u2019de bir d\u00f6nemin sona ermesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu tarih, Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde, A\u00e7e devleti\u2019nin siyasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik i\u015fgal giri\u015fimi, Do\u011fu Hint Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019nda y\u00fcksek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hatta, bu d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ordusunun temel hedefinde yer alan, -t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerdeki benzeri saraylar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle- A\u00e7e Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uzun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonras\u0131nda al\u0131nmas\u0131yla, Hollandal\u0131lar, A\u00e7e\u2019nin siyasi egemenli\u011finin sona erdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse de, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 asl\u0131nda, daha uzunca bir s\u00fcre b\u00f6lgede askeri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek zorunda kalacaklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00fcreselle\u015fen sorun<\/strong> A\u00e7e\u2019deki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, daha fiili olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ba\u015fg\u00f6steren siyasal geli\u015fmeler, A\u00e7e\u2019yi d\u00f6nemin k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7leri nezdinde dikkatle izlenmesi gereken bir yere ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u00fcrecin b\u00f6ylesi bir h\u0203l almas\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00f6lgenin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde sahip oldu\u011fu kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc nitelikleriyle \u00f6zellikle de, jeo-politik ve jeo-ekonomik konumuyla a\u00e7\u0131klamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu durumu anlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u201cb\u00f6lgede kimler vard\u0131?\u201d sorusunu y\u00f6neltmek ve cevaplar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u00e7e siyasi elitinin yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Penang\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi ve ard\u0131ndan, kom\u015fu Ada Singapur\u2019da diplomatik temsilcilikleri bulunan \u0130talyan, Fransa, Amerika gibi bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle bar\u0131\u015f veya siyasi ittifak kurma giri\u015fimleri temelde bir tesad\u00fcf aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, b\u00f6lgede zaten var olan ve A\u00e7elilerle tarihsel ve ekonomik ili\u015fkileri olan Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri yeni bir siyasetin i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekme \u00e7abas\u0131yd\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u00e7eliler bunun benzerini, o y\u0131llarda (1873) Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdikleri el\u00e7ilerle yani, Abdurrahman el-Zahir ve Teuku Nyak Abbas ile de g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu siyasal ileti\u015fim s\u00fcreci \u00f6nce Singapur ve ard\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul \u00fczerinden Paris\u2019e, Londra\u2019ya, Berlin\u2019e, Washinton\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rken t\u00fcm bu Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019ndaki geli\u015fmeyi de\u011ferlendirme bi\u00e7imini iyi de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sava\u015f\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> 1873 May\u0131s ve Haziran aylar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekilen Hollanda donanmas\u0131 k\u0131sa ancak \u00f6nemli bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k evresinin ard\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n A\u011fustos-Eyl\u00fcl aylar\u0131nda ba\u015flayarak, Cava Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netim merkezindeki t\u00fcm askeri unsurlar ile birincil, ikincil derecedeki insan kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc mobilize etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda, \u00f6zellikle, \u0130ngilizler hakimiyetindeki Bo\u011fazlar Y\u00f6netimi (Straits Settlements) ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yap\u0131 b\u00fcnyesindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli unsurlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Singapur ve Penang Adalar\u0131 da, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te az\u0131msanmayacak bir lojistik destek i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Batavya\u2019daki (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Cakarta) Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi ve den Haag\u2019daki Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 nezdinde sava\u015f\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki \u0131srar asl\u0131nda, tam da, yukar\u0131da dile getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00f6lgenin jeo-politik ve jeo-ekonomik ger\u00e7ekli\u011fiyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr sebep<\/strong> O d\u00f6nem itibar\u0131yla, geli\u015fmelere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, her iki nedenin de birarada ele al\u0131nabilece\u011fi bir siyasal zeminin olu\u015ftu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla birlikte, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, Sumatra\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Palembang\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak, teritoryal egemenli\u011fi tesisde s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6steren Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin, Ada\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kendinde, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcretim ve ticaret rekabeti y\u00fcksek bir b\u00f6lge olarak b\u0131rakmas\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde rasyonel bir karar olmayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, bize yukar\u0131da, \u201csava\u015f\u0131n nedeni olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen\u201d iki nedenin ve bunlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 alt nedenlerinin t\u00fcm s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hedef almak yerine, \u2018kas\u0131tl\u0131-kas\u0131ts\u0131z\u2019 yanl\u0131\u015flar \u00fczerine kurgulanm\u0131\u015f bir sava\u015f ve istil\u0203 olgusuyla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini ortaya koyacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve Hollanda y\u00f6netimi de A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131n\u0131 -her \u015feye ra\u011fmen-, ele ge\u00e7irme karar\u0131 vermek suretiyle bu karar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ngilizlerin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ngilizler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sava\u015f\u0131n Penang ve Singapur ile geli\u015fmi\u015f ticaret ili\u015fkilerine konu olan A\u00e7e\u2019nin Hollanda y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7mesinin do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 sorun, salt ekonomik nedenler \u00f6zelinde kendini ortaya koyuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla birlikte, baz\u0131 yaz\u0131larda dikkat \u00e7ekildi\u011fi \u00fczere ortada bir \u2018h\u00fcmanist\u2019 duru\u015ftan s\u00f6z edilse de, t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcreci kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda h\u00fcmanist duru\u015fun esamesinin pek de bir yeri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarih bize g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u00e7e\u2019nin, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yap\u0131lar nezdinde teritoryal olaraka ele ge\u00e7irilmesi, siyasal olarak me\u015fruiyetinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ilk nokta de\u011fil, aksine son noktalardan biri oldu\u011funu fark etmek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6zard\u0131 edilen i\u00e7 s\u00fcre\u00e7ler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde, siyasal egemen bir yap\u0131 olarak A\u00e7e\u2019de, i\u00e7 politik ve sosyal sistemin zaafiyetlerinin kendi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilebilecek gayet \u00f6nemli ar\u0131zalar\u0131 oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck, bizatihi bu durumun bile, Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin siyasal ve de askeri faaliyetlerini hedefe A\u00e7e\u2019ye koymu\u015f olarak 1850\u2019den itibaren tedrici olarak geli\u015ftirmesi ve aradan ge\u00e7en \u00e7eyrek y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131nda, A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131nda egemen olma arzusunu fiiliyata ge\u00e7irmesinin nedenlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda geldi\u011fini bile s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mucize bekleyi\u015fi<\/strong> Bu durum bir yandan, s\u00f6z konusu bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 olarak dikkat \u00e7eken ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 son raddeye kadar koruyabilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 kadar, A\u00e7elilerin sava\u015f\u0131n kap\u0131ya dayanmas\u0131yla b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7e\u015fitli Malay toplumlar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n bir \u015fekilde siyasal liderli\u011fini yapan kesimleriyle irtibat kurma \u00e7abalar\u0131nda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, di\u011fer Malay toplumlar\u0131 nezdinde, baz\u0131 fiiliyata neden olmu\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, \u201cbekle-g\u00f6r\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla, -veya bundan ba\u015fka yapacak bir \u015fey olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc- A\u00e7e\u2019den, bir anlamda \u2018mucizevi\u2019 bir sonucun \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmek gerekir. Mehmet \u00d6zay 24.01.2025 Bundan 151 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yani, 24 Ocak 1874 tarihi, A\u00e7e\u2019de bir d\u00f6nemin sona ermesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu\u2026 Bu tarih, Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde, A\u00e7e devleti\u2019nin siyasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik i\u015fgal giri\u015fimi, Do\u011fu Hint Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019nda y\u00fcksek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmesidir. Hatta, bu d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r\u2026 Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ordusunun temel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5654,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ace","category-gunluk-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5653"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5655,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5653\/revisions\/5655"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Yukar\u0131da y\u00fcksek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcrecinin \u2018en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmesi\u2019 derken, bunu sadece Sumatra Adas\u0131 ve Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6ylemiyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
26 Nisan 1873\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve A\u00e7elilerin \u2018Hollanda Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019, \u2018Kutsal Sava\u015f\u2019 (Prang Sabil) adlar\u0131yla zikrettikleri bu \u00f6nemli s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk safhas\u0131, A\u00e7elilerin Hollanda birliklerini ba\u015fkenten s\u00fcrmeleriyle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm askeri ve siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla A\u00e7e\u2019ye egemen olma arzusu sona ermedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ordusunun Kuzey Sumatra\u2019daki bu icraat\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcsebbibi olarak, iki temel arg\u00fcman bulunuyor. Bunlardan ilki, A\u00e7e devleti\u2019nin A\u00e7e sular\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 ticarete mani olan korsanlara y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimde bulunmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\u0130kincisi ise, Anthony Reid\u2019in ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, Hollanda y\u00f6netiminin Singapur\u2019daki konsolosunun bireysel ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fimleri neticesinde Batavya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin sava\u015f karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da ba\u015fg\u00f6steren istil\u0203n\u0131n, b\u00f6lgedeki t\u00fcm Malay toplumlar\u0131nda g\u00f6zlerin A\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmesine neden oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Di\u011fer Malay toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen \u2018kaderin\u2019, bir benzerinin A\u00e7elilerin tecr\u00fcbe etmemesi i\u00e7in ne gibi \u015fartlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekirdi? S\u00f6z konusu Malay toplumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, bunun hesab\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fkuludur.
Cava Adas\u0131\u2019nda, Batavya\u2019da yerle\u015fik Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge idaresinin giri\u015fimleri ve \u00f6zellikle de, Singapur\u2019daki Hollanda konsolosu Reid ve de Avrupa\u2019daki Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ortak bir siyasal projesi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan A\u00e7e\u2019de sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin tedrici olarak geli\u015fen sava\u015f\u0131n ikinci safhas\u0131n\u0131n bitti\u011fi tarihtir 24 Ocak 1874.
Bu tarihin, \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 geli\u015fmelerle anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi bize sadece Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da de\u011fil, d\u00f6nemin k\u00fcresel ili\u015fkilerinin neye tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fini ve bu ili\u015fkilerde yer alan ve almayan unsurlar\u0131n, uygulanan ve uygulanamayan politikalar\u0131n neler olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli veriler sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"