{"id":5307,"date":"2024-07-03T12:52:47","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:52:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=5307"},"modified":"2024-07-03T12:52:48","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:52:48","slug":"amerikan-bagimsizligi-bize-ne-ogretir-what-does-american-independence-teach-us","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/amerikan-bagimsizligi-bize-ne-ogretir-what-does-american-independence-teach-us\/","title":{"rendered":"Amerikan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bize ne \u00f6\u011fretir? \/ What does American independence teach us?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Mehmet \u00d6zay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 03.07.2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 Temmuz, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 248 y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve \u00f6tesinde, bizim bir siyasi ve sosyolojik vak\u0131a olark Amerika ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakmam\u0131zda yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu vesileyle, \u201dBu federal, ulus devletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bize ne \u00f6\u011fretir?\u201d sorusu \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu ve bu nedenle g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6nem, sadece tarihsel bir geli\u015fme olarak bir ulus-devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili de\u011fildir&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bug\u00fcn k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda, \u00f6ncelikli yere sahip olan ve bununla birlikte, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7eli\u015fkileri de i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir siyasi yap\u0131n\u0131n bize verece\u011fi de\u011ferli bilgiler oldu\u011fu kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2019Yeni d\u00fcnya\u2019da yeni toplum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131larca, \u2019yeni d\u00fcnya\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve bu co\u011frafyay\u0131 \u2019ke\u015ffetti\u011fi\u2019 belirtilen Amerigo Vespucci\u2019ye at\u0131fla ad\u0131 verilen, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde, insano\u011flunun, -t\u0131pk\u0131, Asya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi- kadim d\u00f6nemlerden bu yana ya\u015famaya al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahip co\u011frafyada kurulan bir ulus-devletten bahsediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, bu ulus-devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fimi, pek de o kadar basite indirgenecek bir hadise de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda, yeni d\u00fcnya\u2019da kendine yeni bir anlam evreni kuran, yeni bir toplum bulunuyor. Boorstin\u2019in, Tocqueville\u2019in eserine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Giri\u015f\u2019te dile getirdi\u011fi \u00fczere,<a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> kendini in\u015fa eden bir toplum s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, Amerika\u2019ya yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve \u0130ngiltere (<em>The<\/em> <em>United Kingdom<\/em>) topraklar\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015f\u0131 olarak ya\u015fayan toplumlar\u0131n, \u0130ngiliz monar\u015fisiden veya d\u00f6nemin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 3. George\u2019a (1738-1820) ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131ktan kopu\u015fu diyerek konusu kapatmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gelenek\/siz\/lilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu noktada, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda, devlet kurup devlet y\u0131kan ve bu anlamda, tarihte devaml\u0131l\u0131k arz eden milletlerin tecr\u00fcbesi ve gelene\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir siyasal yap\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu durum, ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir yenilik olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu g\u00f6\u00e7men toplumunun, Avrupa ait k\u00f6klerini unuttu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmemekle birlikte, Avrupa\u2019dakinden ciddi anlamda ayr\u0131\u015fan etik de\u011ferleri, dini bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, kamusal alan\u0131, temsil g\u00fcc\u00fc ve idaresi, ekonomik faaliyetleri vb. gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli sosyolojik ve de psikolojik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 bulunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve bu noktada, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda moderniteyi temsil etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip bir siyasi ve toplumsal yap\u0131 bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, giri\u015f c\u00fcmlesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilirse de, asl\u0131nda tam da, b\u00f6ylesi bir ba\u011flant\u0131dan bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u00f6kenler sorunu (mu?)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evet, Amerikan toplumunu olu\u015fturan\u0131n \u00f6zellikle, Bat\u0131 Avrupa k\u00f6kenli ve k\u0131smen, G\u00fcney Avrupa ve Orta Avrupa k\u00f6kenli milletler oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, bu yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015fat bir entellekt\u00fcel, siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zemini te\u015fkil eden ve buna \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edenlerin, Bat\u0131 Avrupa eksenli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemlerinden beslendikleri ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu durum, bize ABD\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu \u00f6ncesinde s\u00f6z konusu k\u0131ta\/lar\/da insan toplumlar\u0131, devletimsi siyasi yap\u0131lar\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f6z konusu bu siyasi yap\u0131lar\u0131n ve toplumlar\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesine sebep, ABD\u2019nin bir ulus-devlet olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda var olan bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n ne gelene\u011fi, ne devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ne n\u00fcfuzu olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir di\u011fer ilgin\u00e7 ve dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken husus, ad\u0131na \u2019millet\u2019 denilen varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015fa eden dil, din, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, an\u2019ane vb. Antropolojik kaynaklar\u0131yla birlik ihdas\u0131nda kendine yer bulmu\u015f insan sto\u011funun, ABD\u2019nin kurulu\u015funda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu durum, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da de\u011finece\u011fim \u00fczere, yeni bir co\u011frafya par\u00e7as\u0131nda ya\u015fam bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bat\u0131l\u0131 bireyin kendini ve de toplumunu yeniden in\u015fa etmekte oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201d\u015eayet, b\u00f6yle bir k\u00f6kl\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yok ise, o zaman ABD\u2019yi olu\u015fturan ko\u015fullar\u0131 nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlamal\u0131y\u0131z?\u201d, sorusu akla geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Modern bir olu\u015fum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Asl\u0131nda tam da, bu soru ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verilebilecek cevap, ABD\u2019nin kurulu\u015funa zemin haz\u0131rlayan insan kaynaklar\u0131, co\u011frafi zemin, iklim \u00f6zellikleri kadar ve hatta bunun \u00f6tesinde, entell\u00fckt\u00fcel kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu entellekt\u00fcel kaynaklar\u0131n yeni bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde in\u015fa edilen toplum ve siyaset kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fumunda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi evrimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entellekt\u00fcel kaynak&#8230;. Yani, Bat\u0131 Avrupa Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kendine yeni bir zemin bularak geli\u015fme kaydetmesidir&#8230;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daha i\u015fin ilk ba\u015f\u0131nda, kurucu fig\u00fcrler olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Benjamin Franklin ve Thomas Jefferson\u2019\u0131n tam ad\u0131yla s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, \u201cdevrimci \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck belgesi ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bildirgesi\u201dnde vurgu \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u2019 kavram\u0131na olmas\u0131 gayet manidard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genel itibar\u0131yla liberal de\u011ferlerle an\u0131lan, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de d\u00f6nemin kral\u0131 3. George \u201ctiran\u201d olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131, Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019nun \u00f6te yakas\u0131ndaki siyasal ve toplumsal hareketlerce, \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u2019 temas\u0131na giderek daha fazla i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lgin\u00e7tir, Alex de Tocqueville, Avrupa monar\u015filerindeki bu tiranl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6nderme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak gerekir.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ngiliz kral\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bu siyasal i\u00e7erikli tan\u0131mlama ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bildirgesinde de yer alarak, \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr bir toplumu y\u00f6netmeye uygun de\u011fildir\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilebilecek bir yakla\u015f\u0131mda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bildirgesinin yine ilk paragraf\u0131nda birey, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck vurgusunun belki de, bug\u00fcn pop\u00fcler olarak anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle sorumsuzluk anlam\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131, Do\u011fa(l) Kanun ile Do\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n Yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile irtibatland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir sentez olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amerikan toplumunun in\u015fas\u0131nda sadece, bu ve benzeri s\u00f6ylemeleriyle dikkat \u00e7eken siyasi elit bulunmuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aksine, bu siyasal bilinci ve s\u00f6ylemi destekleyecek ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hale getirecek \u015fekilde bizatihi, geni\u015f anlamda toplumun da bu kavramlar dizgesine uygun bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve pratik ile geli\u015fmelerde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu konuya bir iki yaz\u0131yla daha devam edece\u011fim&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Boorstin, Daniel. (1990). \u201cIntroduction\u201d, <em>Democracy in America<\/em>, Alexis de Tocqueville, (Tr.: Henry Reeve), Volume I, New York: Vintage Classics, s. vii. (vii-xi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Bkz.<\/em>: Alexis de Tocqueville. (1990). <em>Democracy in America<\/em>, , (Tr.: Henry Reeve), Volume I, New York: Vintage Classics, s. 263.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mehmet \u00d6zay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 03.07.2024 4 Temmuz, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 248 y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc&#8230; Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve \u00f6tesinde, bizim bir siyasi ve sosyolojik vak\u0131a olark Amerika ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakmam\u0131zda yarar var. Bu vesileyle, \u201dBu federal, ulus devletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bize ne \u00f6\u011fretir?\u201d sorusu \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu ve bu nedenle g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu \u00f6nem, sadece tarihsel bir [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5308,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asya-pasifik","category-gunluk-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5307"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5309,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5307\/revisions\/5309"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}