{"id":5301,"date":"2024-06-29T15:21:15","date_gmt":"2024-06-29T15:21:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=5301"},"modified":"2024-06-29T15:21:16","modified_gmt":"2024-06-29T15:21:16","slug":"bes-on-yilda-kalkiniriz-ve-osmanlida-maliyenin-durumu-we-can-develop-in-five-to-ten-years-and-the-state-of-finance-in-the-ottoman-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/bes-on-yilda-kalkiniriz-ve-osmanlida-maliyenin-durumu-we-can-develop-in-five-to-ten-years-and-the-state-of-finance-in-the-ottoman-state\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cBe\u015f, on y\u0131lda kalk\u0131n\u0131r\u0131z\u201d ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019da maliye\u2019nin durumu \/ We can develop in five to ten years\u201d and the state of finance in the Ottoman State"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                            29.06.2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Osmanl\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele al\u0131namayacak ve o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gayet \u00f6nemli pek \u00e7ok hadisesi vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131, kurumsal geli\u015fmeler ba\u011flam\u0131nda zikretmek gerekti\u011finde, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u2018Tanzimat-\u0131 Hayriyye\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gayet do\u011fald\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl kurumsal de\u011fi\u015fimler s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu bilinirken, bu d\u00f6nemin belki de pek \u00e7oklar\u0131nca g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen y\u00f6n\u00fc maliye konusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle, devletin harcamalar\u0131 meselesidir. Bu yaz\u0131da, konunun sadece birka\u00e7 can al\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcne de\u011finerek, d\u00f6neme dair genel bir fikir edinilebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019 ve manialar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019 s\u00fcrecini do\u011furan, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te etkin olan ve devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ile bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te entellekt\u00fcel enerjisini bitirip farkl\u0131 yollara sapanlar ile bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te zaten hi\u00e7 yer almak istemeyenler gibi birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bireyler ve gruplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da en az, bu \u2018hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019 s\u00fcrecinin kendisi kadar dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, \u201cHay\u0131rl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fiklik\/Reform\u2019 (Tanzimat-\u0131 Hayriyye<\/em>) olarak zikretti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7 hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, nedenleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 itibar\u0131yla d\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn\u00fcn de konusu olmaya adayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat-\u0131 Hayriyye\u2019nin ortaya koymak istedi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimleri, t\u00fcm kurumsal boyutlar\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekiyor. Bunlardan biri de, maliye konusudur…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, s\u0131ra \u201cBu konuyu nas\u0131l anlamal\u0131y\u0131z?\u201d sorusuna cevaba geldi\u011finde, elimizde kayda de\u011fer kaynak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, <\/a>\u201cOsmanl\u0131 tarihinin bu devreleri hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ciddi eserlerin ne kadar mahdut oldu\u011fu, hatta bir\u00e7ok meselelerin nas\u0131l karanl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse<\/a>…\u201d,[1]<\/a> maliye konusunun da bundan azade olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n yani, \u2018Hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019in destek\u00e7ilerinden biri \u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, d\u00f6nemin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 yani, Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019in  \u201c… hazinenin bir para bor\u00e7 etmesine raz\u0131 olmayan…\u201d bir tutum i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131, bizatihi \u2018hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019in ciddiye al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 konsunda bir irade belirtildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, arzu edilen geli\u015fmelerin olmamas\u0131 -ki, bu hususa a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da de\u011finece\u011fim, zamanla Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019in dahi umudunu yitirmesine ve geli\u015fmeleri tabiri caizse kendi haline b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6yle ki, Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019in b\u00fcrokrasideki \u00e7alkant\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u201c… v\u00fccuduna zaaf ve f\u00fctur geldi\u011fi gibi muttas\u0131f oldu\u011fu ahlak\u0131 hasenesine dahi zaaf gelerek seccadenin d\u00f6rt ucunu sal\u0131verdi <\/a>ve havass-\u0131 v\u00fckelas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6yle yekdi\u011feriyle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131ndan usan\u0131p, her i\u015fi tabiatine b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve hazinelerin bir suret-i fevk\u00e2lade de, tezay\u00fcd-i d\u00fcyununu hi\u00e7 kayd etmez oldu. El has\u0131l enziyade istifade olunacak eyyam-\u0131 f\u0131rsatta, bir garib girive-i gaflet ve delalete gidildi…[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcrokraside nas\u0131l bir de\u011fi\u015fim?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa, b\u00fcrokraside ne t\u00fcrden ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fim yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade, Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019in devlet maliyesine dair tutumundaki olumsuz de\u011fi\u015fimin nedeni ve belki de, sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumu reel verilerle ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa, padi\u015fah\u0131n dikkatinin de kayboldu\u011fu maliye konusuyla ilintili olacak \u015fekilde baz\u0131 hususlara dikkat \u00e7ekiyor ve bu anlamda, d\u00f6nemin \u00f6rne\u011fin, \u201cSadrazam, Serasker, Kapudan, Tophane m\u00fc\u015firi, Meclis-i vala reisi, Zabtiye m\u00fc\u015firi daima v\u00fczeradan…\u201d, baz\u0131 b\u00fcrokratlara de\u011finerek ald\u0131klar\u0131 maa\u015flara dair a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiriyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c… v\u00fczeradan olan v\u00fckelan\u0131n \u015fehriye altm\u0131\u015f binden y\u00fcz bin kuru\u015fa kadar Hazine-i maliyyeden muhasse maa\u015flar\u0131 ve m\u00fckemmel tayinatlar\u0131 ve r\u00fctbe-i bala eshab\u0131n\u0131n otuz bin kuru\u015ftan elli bin kuru\u015fa kadar maa\u015flar\u0131 ve m\u00fcnasib mikdar et ve ekmek tayinleri olduktan ba\u015fka, nezaretlerin ekserinde naz\u0131rlara mahsus har\u00e7lar dahi vard\u0131….\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabii, bu gelirlerin ne anlama geldi\u011fini belki, daha derinlikli olarak anlamak i\u00e7in, d\u00f6nemin farkl\u0131 i\u015f kollar\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ne kadar maa\u015f ald\u0131klar\u0131na bakmak gerekecek…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evet, \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyor Cevdet Pa\u015fa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c… \u015eeyh\u00fclislam\u0131n maa\u015f ve tayinat\u0131 \u015fehriye y\u00fcz bin kuru\u015fa bali\u011f olurdu ve ol vakit on yedi on sekiz kadar sudur-i kiram olup bunlar\u0131n eskisine yani, en evvel Rumeli payesi alm\u0131\u015f olana, alim olsun cahil olun reis\u2019\u00fcl ulema denilip, an\u0131n \u015fehriye maa\u015f\u0131 on be\u015f bin kuru\u015f idi. … Rumeli payel\u00fclerinin arpal\u0131klar\u0131 ile zamimesi olan maa\u015flar\u0131 \u015fehriye dokuz bin kuru\u015f ve Anadolu payesinde bulunan sudurun \u015fehriyeleri yedi\u015fer bin kuru\u015f idi…\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada dikkat \u00e7eken husus, asl\u0131n da tam da, \u2018Hay\u0131rl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fim\u2019in ruhuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku olmayan, hak eden etmeyen bilc\u00fcmle ilgili b\u00fcrokrat\u0131n benzer maa\u015f\u0131 almas\u0131d\u0131r. Cevdet Pa\u015fa, bunu \u201c… alim olsun cahil olsun…\u201d diye belirtirken, asl\u0131nda dini kurumlar kadar sivil kurumlara yap\u0131lan atamalarla ilgili Osmanl\u0131\u2019da sorunun, \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayan\u0131p dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada, Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019in ni\u00e7in i\u015fin pe\u015fini b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131na dair bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck not daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor Cevdet Pa\u015fa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

… Memurin-i devlet b\u00f6yle m\u00fcstesfa maa\u015flar ile g\u00fczel gecinmek kabil iken, g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne sefahat art\u0131p bu cihetle baz\u0131lar\u0131 medyun ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 dahi hane ve sahilhane tedar\u00fck\u00fcne muhta\u00e7 olmak hasebiyle ara s\u0131ra baz\u0131lar\u0131na atayay-i seniyye dahi verilirdi. M\u00fcteneffisin ve m\u00fcntesibine \u015furadan buradan haylice hedaya dahi gelirdi….\u201d<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n def\u2019a-i ula sadaretinde a\u015far ve r\u00fcsumat iltizamat\u0131ndan dahi ol devrin m\u00fcteneffis ve m\u00fcntesibleri mebali\u011f-i k\u00fcliye kazan\u0131rlard\u0131.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maliye d\u00fczelir mi(ydi)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, d\u00f6neme \u015fahit olan ve geli\u015fmeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f belirten baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri oldu\u011fu biliniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlara il\u00e2ve olarak yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6zlemciler \u00f6zellikle de, d\u00f6nemin \u0130stanbul\u2019unda g\u00f6rev yapanc\u0131 el\u00e7iler, bunlar\u0131n kendi \u00fclke yetkilileriyle haberle\u015fmeleri vb. kaynaklar da d\u00f6neme \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutma noktas\u0131nda g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlardan biri kabul edilen, Avusturyal\u0131 devlet adam\u0131, Klemens von Metternich\u2019in (1773-1859)[7]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu anlamda, Metternich diyor ki: \u201c… Devleti aliyyece ter\u00e2kki i\u00e7in bunun gibi bir vakti f\u0131rsat olamaz. Amma aksine hareket olundu\u011fu taktirde dahi bunun gibi fena vakit olmaz. Bu m\u00fcsaadeli eyyam\u0131 iki sene kadar tahmin ederim. Bu m\u00fcddet zarf\u0131nda, esbab-\u0131 ter\u00e2kkiye te\u015febb\u00fcs olunmaz ise f\u0131rsat fevt olur\u201d demi\u015f<\/a> oldu\u011fu mir-i mumaileyhin lisan\u0131ndan i\u015fidilmi\u015ftir.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette, Metternich bu ifadesiyle, do\u011frudan Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki maliye konusuna g\u00f6nderme yapm\u0131yor. Ancak, bu olgunun da i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019 s\u00fcrecinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6nemine ve bu anlamda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in s\u00fcrecin \u00e7ok hassas oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, bir devlet adam\u0131 ve i\u00e7 i\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yapm\u0131\u015f olan Metternich\u2019in, iyi bir Osmanl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun, Metternich\u2019in Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel bir ilgisi olup olmaman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin Osmanl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, Avrupa\u2019daki t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in, gayet \u00f6nemli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7mesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, dikkatle incelenmesi ve izlenmesi gereken bir \u00fclke olmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa da, Metternich\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda hakl\u0131l\u0131k pay\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bizatihi ortaya koyuyor ve \u015fu yorumu yap\u0131yor:  <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c… Metternich\u2019in s\u00f6z\u00fc muvaf\u0131k-\u0131 hal-\u00fc maslahat idi ve ondan sonra Cenab-\u0131 Hak bize pek \u00e7ok seneler f\u0131rsat verdi…\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada bir parantez a\u00e7arak \u015fu hususa de\u011finmekte yarar var…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n -belki de, d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 gibi, dini kavramlara m\u00fcracaatla siyaset d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ve devleti anlama \u00e7abas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, b\u00f6ylesi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buldu\u011fu veya Cevdet Pa\u015fa \u00f6zelinde s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bu kavramlar harekete ge\u00e7irilirken, mevcut sisteme y\u00f6nelik bir ele\u015ftiri olarak m\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeye de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maliye\u2019ye dair baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Metternich\u2019in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn de \u00f6tesinde, bir zaman dilimine sahip olunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, de\u011fi\u015fim konusunda at\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ad\u0131mlar\u0131n ni\u00e7in ve neden at\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiriyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c… Ne \u00e7are ki, biz adam olup da istifade edemedik ve belki ol vakit, b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn fenal\u0131\u011fa y\u00fcz tuttuk. Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa, damad Pa\u015falarla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken, muahharen kendisinin yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu Ali ve Fuad Pa\u015falar ondan ayr\u0131l\u0131p, Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa \u00f6teden beri \u0130ngiliz politikas\u0131na meyl iken, onlar Frans\u0131z politikas\u0131n\u0131 iltizam eylediler. Ve iki taraf dahi, yek di\u011ferine galebe i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc vesaile te\u015febb\u00fcs ederek, birbiriyle u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar…\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevdet Pa\u015fa, gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k gayet dikkat \u00e7ekici sosyolojik bir duruma i\u015faret ediyor…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, burada iki temel hususun dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u0130lki, \u201cHay\u0131rl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fim\u201din mimar\u0131 konumundaki Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa ile onun yeti\u015ftirmesi, iki \u00f6nemli devlet adam\u0131 yani, Ali ve Fuad Pa\u015falar aras\u0131nda bozulan dengedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum, de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in b\u00fcrokraside iradeli duru\u015flar\u0131 olan ve liderlik konumunda olan ki\u015filere olan ihtiya\u00e7 ile bu ki\u015filerin s\u00fcre\u00e7te farkl\u0131 yollara sapmalar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi ise, Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, \u2018hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim\u2019in \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc baz\u0131 gruplarla olan m\u00fccadelesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veya bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bizzat de\u011fi\u015fime ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k yakm\u0131\u015f olan hanedanl\u0131k \u00e7evrelerinde \u2018damadlar\u2019 ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u00e7evrelerin -mesel\u00e2 \u2018Damad Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019-, siyaset ve b\u00fcrokrasi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yer al\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u2018hay\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimle\u2019 ba\u011fda\u015fmayan tutumlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan gruplar\u0131n ki, bunlar \u2018damadlar\u2019 olarak tezah\u00fcr ediyor ve Osmanl\u0131 tarihinin de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00f6nemlerinde var olan bir toplumsal grupturlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki d\u00f6nemler bir yana, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda elzem olan b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl de\u011fi\u015fimlerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel te\u015fkil eden bir grup olarak \u2018damadlar\u0131\u2019 g\u00f6rmek herhalde, Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa gibi bir devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n sessiz kalaca\u011f\u0131 bir husus de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin ne denli karma\u015f\u0131k, \u00e7eli\u015fik oldu\u011funun bir ifadesi olarak \u015funu da zikretmekte yarar var. O da, bizatihi Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n dahi, bu e\u011filimden kendini alamay\u0131p, o\u011flu Ali Galip\u2019i padi\u015faha damad yapmak istemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1839\u2019da G\u00fclhane\u2019de okunan birka\u00e7 sayfal\u0131k Hatt\u2019\u0131n hemen ba\u015flar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en ifadede, ilgili de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde be\u015f on sene zarf\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydedilece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metternich\u2019in birka\u00e7 y\u0131l dedi\u011fi, Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cpek \u00e7ok seneler vard\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece ra\u011fmen, Osmanl\u0131 devletinde arzu edilen, \u2018Hay\u0131rl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fim\u2019 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6nemlerinden kabul edilmesi gereken 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l, bu \u00f6neme ra\u011fmen, bizatihi b\u00fcrokrasisinin ve b\u00fcrokraside yer alan \u00f6nemli isimlerin d\u00f6nemin geli\u015fmelerine dair eserler vermemeleriyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tenakuzu da i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, gerek yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6zlemciler gerekse Cevdet Pa\u015fa \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi devleti d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kartma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine sahip az say\u0131daki b\u00fcrokrat\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131 bize bug\u00fcn ilgili d\u00f6nemleri az da olsa anlama imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Baysun, Cavid. (1953). \u201cTezakir-i Cevdet Hakk\u0131nda\u201d, Tezakir<\/em> (1-12), (Yay\u0131nlayan: Cavid Baysun),  Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, p. xii. (ix-xx).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> A.g.e., s. xxii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Cevdet Pa\u015fa. (1953). Tezakir<\/em> (1-12), (Yay\u0131nlayan: Cavid Baysun),  Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, s. 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> A.g.e., s. 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> A.g.e., s. 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> A.g.e., s. 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> <\/a>A.g.e., s.<\/a> 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> Baysun, Cavid. (1953). A.g.e., s. xxi.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> A.g.e., xxi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> A.g.e., s. xxi-xxii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Cevdet Pa\u015fa. (1953). A.g.e., s. 10. \u00e7b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                            29.06.2024 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Osmanl\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele al\u0131namayacak ve o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gayet \u00f6nemli pek \u00e7ok hadisesi vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131, kurumsal geli\u015fmeler ba\u011flam\u0131nda zikretmek gerekti\u011finde, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u2018Tanzimat-\u0131 Hayriyye\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gayet do\u011fald\u0131r. Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl kurumsal de\u011fi\u015fimler s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu bilinirken, bu d\u00f6nemin belki de pek \u00e7oklar\u0131nca g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen y\u00f6n\u00fc maliye konusudur. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5302,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5301","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5301"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5303,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5301\/revisions\/5303"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5301"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}