{"id":4904,"date":"2023-02-05T14:47:17","date_gmt":"2023-02-05T14:47:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=4904"},"modified":"2023-02-12T10:16:20","modified_gmt":"2023-02-12T10:16:20","slug":"ingiliz-ekonomik-kalkinmaciliginda-malayanin-rolu-british-economic-development-and-the-role-of-malaya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/ingiliz-ekonomik-kalkinmaciliginda-malayanin-rolu-british-economic-development-and-the-role-of-malaya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ngiliz ekonomik kalk\u0131nmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Malaya\u2019n\u0131n rol\u00fc \/ British economic development and the role of Malaya<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                            05.02.2023<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la uzanan ekonomik zenginli\u011finin k\u00f6kenleri nedir dedi\u011fimizde hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, akl\u0131m\u0131za gelen b\u00f6lgelerden biri Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131 oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fe tan\u0131k olmak i\u00e7in tarih kitaplar\u0131 gayet \u2018anlaml\u0131\u2019 veriler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gibi, bu zenginli\u011fe bug\u00fcn dahi do\u011frudan tan\u0131k olmak ve anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Kuala Lumpur\u2019dan kuzeye do\u011fru seyahat etti\u011finizde yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fim husus ba\u011flam\u0131nda tarih yakan\u0131z\u0131 b\u0131rakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, giderek size daha da i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekiyor\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihle pek ba\u011f\u0131 olmayanlar, h\u0131za ayarl\u0131 otoban vas\u0131tas\u0131yla be\u015f saati bulan k\u0131sa denilebilecek \u015feyahat boyunca tan\u0131k olduklar\u0131n\u0131, modern Malezya Federasyonu\u2019nun ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na g\u00f6nderme yaparak a\u00e7\u0131klayabilirler. Bunda pek bir yanl\u0131\u015f yok\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bundan \u00f6te, b\u00f6lgenin k\u00fcreselle\u015fti\u011finin \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergelerinden birinin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemiyle ve de bu d\u00f6nemi y\u00f6netim \u0130ngiliz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki valilikleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla  ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini hat\u0131rlamak bize, ayn\u0131 zamanda sadece, \u0130ngilizlerin ekonomik kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerine dair de kayda de\u011fer bilgi verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KL: Seyahetin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkent Kuala Lumpur\u2019u neredeyse, tam ortas\u0131ndan kesen otoban\u0131 a\u015farken kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fclke manzaras\u0131 ve son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir geli\u015fim a\u015famas\u0131 gibi alg\u0131lanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerek bu ba\u015fkentin kendisi ve gerekse -\u00f6zellikle de-, \u00fclkenin Kuzey\u2019ine yani, Penang Adas\u0131\u2019na do\u011fru yap\u0131lan seyahat bize, temelde bamba\u015fka bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yani, \u0130ngiltere Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Londra\u2019n\u0131n ni\u00e7in bu denli zenginle\u015fti\u011fine dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine fark ettiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun benzeri \u015fekilde, Kuala Lumpur\u2019dan g\u00fcneye do\u011fru -yani, Cohor ve de Singapur- benzer bir ziyaretin de asl\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 hisleri uyand\u0131racak \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuala Lumpur\u2019un, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminin g\u00f6rece ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerine tekab\u00fcl eden ba\u015fkentli\u011fi \u00fczerinde durulmaya de\u011fer bir konu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6yle ki, Kuala Lumpur gibi sahilden 20-30 km. i\u00e7eride bir mek\u00e2n\u0131 ba\u015fkente d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeden \u00f6nceki s\u00fcre\u00e7tir asl\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0130ngilizleri ve -\u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde de-, d\u00f6nemin Malay siyasi elitini \u2018ihya\u2019 eden husus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Kuala Lumpur\u2019a ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce \u0130ngiliz varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nelim g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve sahil \u015feritleri boyunca uzanan irili ufakl\u0131 adalar \u00fczerinde sergilenen egemenlik \u0130ngiliz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, bir anlamda kendi \u00f6z prototipini bu b\u00f6lgeye, yani \u201cgeni\u015f Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131na\u201d ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimin ba\u015fkenti?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada k\u0131sa bir parantez a\u00e7arak, Kuala Lumpur\u2019u kimin ba\u015fkent yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00f6nc\u00fclerinin kimler oldu\u011fu konusu halen bir akademik tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olsa da, vak\u0131a o ki, Dataran Merdeka<\/em>\u2019da (\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Meydan\u0131) kendini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde hissettiren \u0130ngiliz siyaset k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kurumsal g\u00fcc\u00fc ve bunun sembolik in\u015fas\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131ksanmayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za Bat\u0131 Avrupa tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuala Lumpur\u2019un, 1820\u2019ler 1830\u2019lardan itibaren Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6zellikle, g\u00f6\u00e7e gayet yatk\u0131n Mandailing<\/em> etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n unsurlar\u0131nca olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, k\u0131ymetli Abdul-Rezzak Lubis\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri kadar,[1]<\/a> 1850\u2019ler ve 1860\u2019lardan itibaren b\u00f6lgenin zengin maden kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletimini Selangor Sultan\u0131\u2019ndan alan \u00c7inlilerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi iki farkl\u0131 temel yakla\u015f\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz ekonomi-siyaseti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015f olursa olsun veya her iki s\u00fcre\u00e7 birbirini destekleyecek bir \u015fekilde paralel ba\u011flamlar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olsun, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda bir \u0130ngiliz ekonomi-siyaseti ve bunun \u015fehir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn izleri bizatihi duruyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlerin uzun erimli ticaret yollar\u0131nda, bir yandan g\u00fcvenlik, \u00f6te yandan lojistik anlamda aktarma organ\u0131 olarak dikkate ald\u0131klar\u0131 Adalar, Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131 \u00f6zelinde -yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ziyarete de tekab\u00fcl edecek \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse-, Penang Adas\u0131 ile ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Penang Adas\u0131, Bengal K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nin do\u011fusundaki Myanmar sahillerini \u00f6zellikle de, Yangon gibi gayet \u00f6nemli liman \u015fehrini, bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Hindistan\u2019\u0131n en m\u00fcnbit ve stratejik alanlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturan Kalk\u00fcta b\u00f6lgesini g\u00fcneye ba\u011flayan suyolu \u00fczerinde hareket eden ticaret gemilerinin, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6rt g\u00fcnl\u00fck seyahatleri sonunda Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hemen giri\u015finde gayet jeo-stratejik bir alan olarak kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131veren bir yerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ada\u2019n\u0131n bu co\u011frafi tesad\u00fcf\u00fc \u00fczerine \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan bulundu\u011funa ku\u015fku olmasa da, buray\u0131 bir ticaret, y\u00f6netim ve elbette ki, gerekti\u011finde harekete ge\u00e7irilebilecek \u015fekilde bir askeri \u00fcs haline getirmelerinin ba\u015fka nedenleri de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ada\u2019n\u0131n cazibesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Ada\u2019n\u0131n \u2018at\u0131l\u2019 olmas\u0131n\u0131n, bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kedah Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge olmakla birlikte, Kedah Malaylar\u0131n\u0131n bu ada \u00fczerindeki varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fin, bir Riau ve bir Bugis denizci toplulu\u011funun \u00f6zelliklerini bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve Ada \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir hakimiyet kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun nedenleri aras\u0131nda, insan tipolojisi \u00f6zelliklerine dair bir yakla\u015f\u0131ma ba\u015fvurulabilece\u011fi gibi, Kedah b\u00f6lgesinin demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fin -yukar\u0131da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya benzer \u015fekilde- Riau, G\u00fcney Sulawesi gibi b\u00f6lgelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayacak bir azl\u0131\u011fa tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fiyle de a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya m\u00fcsait.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kald\u0131 ki, d\u00f6nemin Kedah Sultan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Penang Adas\u0131 konusunda, Malay Yar\u0131adas\u0131 ile ticaret ili\u015fkilerine tekil olarak \u00e7oktan ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6neminin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015f olan Francis Light\u2019\u0131n tavsiyesi \u00fczerine, Kalk\u00fcta\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz Merkez valili\u011finden d\u00f6nemin valisi Warren Hastings\u2019in onay\u0131yla gelen talep kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda,[2]<\/a> aday\u0131 belli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlerce i\u015fletilmesine olanak tan\u0131yan anla\u015fmaya imza atmas\u0131n\u0131n bu noktada a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u2018at\u0131ll\u0131k\u2019 olgusunu bir ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, \u0130ngiliz siyaset ve ekonomi akl\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretken, yarat\u0131c\u0131 dinamizmiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ada\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngilizler i\u00e7in cazibe merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesindeki bir di\u011fer \u00f6zelli\u011fi, hemen kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131larda Lhok Seumawe<\/em> \u015fehrinin yani, Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131na eri\u015fim ve etkile\u015fim potansiyelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgenin tarihin erken d\u00f6nemlerinden itibaren ba\u015fta biber olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nemli tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim merkezi olmas\u0131 ve Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleriyle do\u011frudan irtibat\u0131 Penang-A\u00e7e aras\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir jeo-ekonomik birlikteli\u011fi ortaya koyuyor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz kalk\u0131nmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuala Lumpur\u2019dan Penang\u2019e ula\u015fan otoban boyunca, \u0130ngiliz ekonomi-politi\u011finin somut g\u00f6stergeleri olan end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m ve madencilik gibi b\u00f6lgenin t\u00fcm imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla eri\u015filebilir ve k\u00fcresel ekonomi d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde i\u015flevsellik kazanabilir hale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tan\u0131k olunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgenin bu \u00f6zelli\u011finden bir \u015fey kaybetmek yerine, d\u00f6nemin t\u00fcm teknolojik unsurlar\u0131 ve yenilik\u00e7i \u00fcretici yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan da istifade ile b\u00f6lgenin do\u011fa ile irtibat\u0131 halen devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, yakla\u015f\u0131k 350 km\u2019yi a\u015fan bu yolu, co\u011frafi \u00f6zellikleriyle d\u00f6rt temel a\u015famada ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130lki, ba\u015fkent Kuala Lumpur\u2019un \u015fehrin kuzey bitiminde Kota Damansara\u2019dan itibaren d\u00fcz bir zeminde yol almas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nitelik kendini Tanjung Malim\u2019e kadar bu \u015fekilde g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrken, Tanjung Malim\u2019le birlikte -yani, ikinci a\u015fama olarak- Perak-Pahang eyaletlerini birbirinden ay\u0131ran iki bin metreyi a\u015fk\u0131n da\u011f silsilesi uzaktan keskin bir \u015fekilde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Yolun hemen s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan sa\u011f ve sol taraflarda palmiye pl\u00e2ntasyonlar\u0131 uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu m\u00fcnbit a\u011fac\u0131n pek \u00e7ok alanda kullan\u0131lan meyvesi ve \u00e7ekirdi\u011fi y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde b\u00f6lgenin zenginle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir role sahip oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7e\u015fitli tar\u0131m ve orman arazilerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131\/kesilmesiyle yeni pl\u00e2ntasyonlara evrilmesinde kendini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc yolun \u0130poh\u2019a yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede da\u011f y\u00fckseltisi Cameron Highlands<\/em>\u2019la birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fim da\u011f silsilesinin bir devam\u0131 niteli\u011findeki Cameron Highlands, b\u00f6lgenin sebze-meyve ve \u00f6zellikle de \u00e7ay \u00fcretim merkezi. Da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lge, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7e\u015fitli maden kaynaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise Nibong Tebal\u2019dan itibaren Penang b\u00f6lgesi\u2026 Ada\u2019y\u0131 karaya ba\u011flayan iki k\u00f6pr\u00fc bulunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan ilk k\u00f6pr\u00fcye daha girmeden b\u00f6lgenin uluslararas\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m a\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu t\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren pek \u00e7ok \u015firketin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, dev binalar kendini ortaya koyuyor. T\u00fcm bu \u00fcretim merkezlerinin gerek b\u00f6lge gerekse d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine ihracatta Malezya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fc mahiyetinde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlerin b\u00f6lgeyi in\u015fa ve ihya etmede kendilerine bi\u00e7tikleri bir gurur pay\u0131 var\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunu da \u00f6rne\u011fin 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Singapur\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan Penang Adas\u0131\u2019nda yay\u0131nlanan Straits Echo<\/em> adl\u0131 gazetedeki uzun metinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bu metin sadece b\u00f6lgenin eko-politik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu olgular\u0131n da i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018medenile\u015ftirici\u2019 kuvveye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgu ile dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn ekonomik geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fe konu olan Malezya Federasyonu\u2019nun sahip oldu\u011fu hammadde ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u0130ngiliz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zenginle\u015fmesindeki rol\u00fc kayda de\u011fer boyuttad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizler s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemlerinin \u00f6nemli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden birini Penang Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fark etmeleriyle ortaya koymalar\u0131 \u00f6nlerine yeni bir imk\u00e2n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bug\u00fcn Malezya\u2019y\u0131 \u2018okumaya\u2019 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u0130ngilizlerin nas\u0131l bir eko-politi\u011fi hayata ge\u00e7irdiklerini de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/2023\/02\/05\/ingiliz-ekonomik-kalkinmaciliginda-malayanin-rolu-british-economic-development-and-the-role-of-malaya\/\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Abdur-Razzaq Lubis. (2009). \u201cThe Legacy of Sumatran Trade and Knowledge Networks in Penang\u201d, Straits Muslims: Diasporas of the Northern Passage of the Straits of Malacca<\/em>, (ed.), Wazir Jahan Karim, George Town: Straits G. T.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> \u201cTopics of the Day\u201d, Straits Times Overland Journal<\/em>, 8 May 1880, s. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> \u201cThe Miracle of Malaya\u201d, Straits Echo<\/em> (Mail Edition), 13 March 1914, s. 367.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                            05.02.2023 \u0130ngiltere Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la uzanan ekonomik zenginli\u011finin k\u00f6kenleri nedir dedi\u011fimizde hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, akl\u0131m\u0131za gelen b\u00f6lgelerden biri Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131 oluyor. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fe tan\u0131k olmak i\u00e7in tarih kitaplar\u0131 gayet \u2018anlaml\u0131\u2019 veriler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gibi, bu zenginli\u011fe bug\u00fcn dahi do\u011frudan tan\u0131k olmak ve anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bu noktada, Kuala Lumpur\u2019dan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4905,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-malezya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4904"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4914,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4904\/revisions\/4914"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4904"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4904"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}