{"id":4515,"date":"2022-04-22T22:47:21","date_gmt":"2022-04-22T22:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=4515"},"modified":"2022-04-22T22:47:21","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T22:47:21","slug":"osmanlidan-yeni-cumhuriyete-gelismeler-developments-from-the-ottomans-to-the-new-republic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/osmanlidan-yeni-cumhuriyete-gelismeler-developments-from-the-ottomans-to-the-new-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan yeni Cumhuriyet\u2019e geli\u015fmeler \/ Developments From the Ottomans to the New Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 22.04.2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

23 Nisan 1920\u2019de, B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile modern T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden biridir.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fme, bir devletin siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesi, yeni bir devletin belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde \u00f6ncekinin devam\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu geli\u015fme salt kendi ba\u015f\u0131na anlamland\u0131r\u0131lmak yerine, d\u00f6nemin k\u00fcresel ve \u00f6zellikle de, Avrupa merkezli siyasal geli\u015fmelerinden ve de Malay D\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve Hint Alt K\u0131tas\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalardaki milletlerin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin siyasal platforma yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele al\u0131namayacak hususiyetler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa merkezli demekle kastetti\u011fimiz husus, \u00f6ncelikle milliyet\u00e7ilik meselesidir\u2026<\/p>\n

1789 Frans\u0131z Devrimi ile birlikte Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da beliren ve ard\u0131ndan, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00e7e\u015fitli az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n merkezden kopu\u015f ve ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ad\u0131 olarak, otonom ve ard\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 s\u00f6ylemleriyle, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren milliyet\u00e7ilik olgusunun siyasal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle bir siyasal ideolojik s\u00f6ylem ve fiiliyat olarak Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furan \u015fartlar, bu devrimin Frans\u0131z toplumunda ve siyasal kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda ard\u0131nda b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurumlar ve de\u011ferler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

De\u011ferler ve siyaset ili\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nem itibar\u0131yla, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin halen me\u015fru siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu ya da bu \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan siyasal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinde ya\u015fanan ayr\u0131\u015fma ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin kurulu\u015fuyla, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin ard\u0131nda b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilecek kurumsal yap\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle de, de\u011ferler aras\u0131nda bir fark olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na vurgu yapmak gerekir.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z Devrimi, monar\u015fi, kilise ve burjuvazi gibi yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta olan toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar noktas\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n unsurlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n eseri olurken, Anadolu\u2019da B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla belirmeye ba\u015flayan milliyet\u00e7ilik geli\u015fiminin Bat\u0131 sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir ifadesi olarak g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, \u0130stanbul\u2019da var olan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahl\u0131k kurumunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve sahip oldu\u011fu kurumsal temsiliyete kar\u015f\u0131, Ankara merkezli ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan m\u00fccadelenin s\u00f6z konusu kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131 yok sayan de\u011fil, aksine bu kurumlar\u0131 korumaya ve hatta devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir giri\u015fim oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunun sembolik ifadesi B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler olurken, bu geli\u015fmenin, ideolojik bir s\u00f6ylem olarak, Meclis konu\u015fmalar\u0131na yans\u0131yan b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Uzun d\u00f6nemli geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burada dikkat \u00e7ekilmesi gereken bir di\u011fer husus, B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n anl\u0131k bir eylem de\u011fil, tedrici olarak geli\u015fen uzun d\u00f6nemli siyasal etkile\u015fimlerin gelip dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir nokta oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, o d\u00f6neme kadar, s\u00fcre\u00e7te neler olup bitti\u011fine k\u0131saca ele almakta fayda var.<\/p>\n

Sondan ba\u015flamak gerekirse, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan, Almanya ile ittifak kurulmas\u0131 ve bu devletin Avrupa cephelerinde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilgiler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin de yenilgisine h\u00fckmedilen bir sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, 1914-1918 sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi sosyolojisini anlamland\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131nda sadece, bu d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemin yeterli oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak milliyet\u00e7i ve \u0130slamc\u0131 y\u00f6nleri dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, geni\u015f toplum ve siyasal kesimleri biraraya getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, \u00f6rne\u011fin Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131, 2. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in tahttan indirilmesi, 1880\u2019lerden itibaren uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen ve en az\u0131ndan retorik olarak g\u00fcndeme gelen Pan-\u0130slam politikas\u0131, \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinden Osmanl\u0131 ile irtibat kurularak s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden haberdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1850, 1860, 1870\u2019li y\u0131llardaki geli\u015fmeleri dikkatle incelemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndaki K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan itibaren d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 ile din merkezli birlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ve duygusunun \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u011flamlarda prati\u011fe ge\u00e7irilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin konumunun ve ard\u0131ndan gelen Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketin, daha derinlikli bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor. O da, sava\u015f boyunca, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sadece kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ile belirlenen bir m\u00fccadeleden \u00f6te, geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada etkisi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan farkl\u0131 bir boyuta sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Tam da bu noktada, yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekilen \u2018uzun d\u00f6nemli\u2019 yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ne oldu\u011funa de\u011finelim.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmenin, \u00f6rne\u011fin 97 Rus Harbi, 1911 Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 1912 Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan, bu s\u00fcrecin bir devam\u0131 olarak 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda da devaml\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131na gelip dayanan milliyet\u00e7ilik ideolojisi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131lamayacak derin bir olguya tekab\u00fcl eder.<\/p>\n

Burada dikkatle ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken, din birlikteli\u011fi ile geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyadaki farkl\u0131 milletlerin birbirlerine ve \u00f6zellikle de, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki tutumdur.<\/p>\n

1.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir devam\u0131 olmas\u0131 kadar, bundan \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir anlam kazanarak \u015fekillendirilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 handikaplar\u0131 yok denemese de, il\u00e2n edilen \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck cihad\u2019, sava\u015f\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 ittifaklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve \u00f6tesinde, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n da i\u015fin i\u00e7ine kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi bir durumu ortaya koyuyordu.<\/p>\n

Anadolu hareketi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u2018ma\u011flubiyetle\u2019 sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan, Mondros M\u00fctarekesi ve payitaht\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerce i\u015fgali, devletin belirli unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da faaliyetlerini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan geli\u015fmeler oldu.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in bu hareket i\u00e7indeki yeri ile di\u011fer akt\u00f6rlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 birarada ele almak tarihsel ve sosyolojik geli\u015fmeleri do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirmenin bir \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, \u00a0Osmanl\u0131 siyaset d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 boyunca birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k eklemlendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilecek Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, hem 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131cak g\u00fcnlerinde, hem de ard\u0131ndan, Anadolu Hareketi d\u00f6neminde, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn de birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve geli\u015fmeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, aralar\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr entellekt\u00fcel ittifak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6ndeki geli\u015fmeleri, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kalemiyle m\u00fccadeleye destek veren Mehmet Emin, Halide Edip, Mehmet Akif, Celal Nuri, Tekinalp vb. gibi isimlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u00d6te yandan, i\u015fin siyasi boyutunda adlar\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131larla birlikte an\u0131lan Enver Pa\u015fa, Talat Pa\u015fa, Cemal, Said Halim Pa\u015fa gibi isimler, T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0130slami yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 dikkatle g\u00fcndemlerine almalar\u0131, d\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc-\u0130slamc\u0131 geni\u015f bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 olgusunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sava\u015f sosyolojisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 hak edecek \u015fekilde, yukar\u0131da isimleri ge\u00e7en ayd\u0131nlar ve siyasilerin, d\u00f6nemin yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda verdikleri m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6nemi, birlik, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, vatan, tarih, din, \u00fcmmet gibi birbirinden baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan farkl\u0131l\u0131k arz eden ancak, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ortaya koyuyordu.<\/p>\n

Ankara\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lan Meclis, tekil bir ba\u011flama de\u011fil, birbiriyle ili\u015fkili g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir dizi ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131yla anlamland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu noktada, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in birinci Meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve s\u00f6ylemleri ile meclisi olu\u015fturan \u00fcyelerin siyasal tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bize gayet \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vermektedir.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>Banu Turnao\u011flu. (2017). \u201cOttoman Political Thought during World War I\u201d, The Formation of Turkish Republicanism, Princeton University Press, s. 165, 168, 171.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 22.04.2022 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de, B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4516,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4515","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4515"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4515\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4517,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4515\/revisions\/4517"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4515"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4515"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4515"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}