{"id":4247,"date":"2021-12-16T21:32:31","date_gmt":"2021-12-16T21:32:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=4247"},"modified":"2021-12-16T21:32:31","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T21:32:31","slug":"somurgecilik-anlayisi-ve-sureclerine-dair-about-the-conception-and-process-of-colonialism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/somurgecilik-anlayisi-ve-sureclerine-dair-about-the-conception-and-process-of-colonialism\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve S\u00fcre\u00e7lerine Dair \/ About the conception and process of colonialism"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 16.12.2021<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik olgusu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak, bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn bir ba\u015fka yap\u0131 \u00fczerinde, salt maddi egemenlik kurmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmayan s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve kurumlar\u0131 bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimleri anlamam\u0131za elverecek veriler sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik olgusunun ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin hakk\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi iddias\u0131 sorgulanmay\u0131 hak etmektedir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe do\u011frudan tan\u0131k olmam\u0131\u015f; bununla birlikte do\u011frudan tan\u0131k olan co\u011frafyalar\u0131 yerinde m\u00fc\u015fahade etmekten uzak kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k hali nedeniyle, bu durum hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ancak akademi d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fayet varsa(!) ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bu t\u00fcr mazeretleri kald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, 1970\u2019lerin post-modern s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine eklemlenen s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sonras\u0131 (post-colonial<\/em>) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir akademi ve ayd\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik olgusunu daha \u00e7ok, d\u00f6nemin siyasal ve pop\u00fclist geli\u015fmeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, Marksist e\u011filimler ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde alg\u0131lama ve anlama \u00e7abas\u0131 sergiledi\u011fini de s\u00f6ylemekte yarar var.<\/p>\n

Hele hele, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi gayet farkl\u0131 bir kavram olan emperyalizmle (imperialism<\/em>) ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak tarihsel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin i\u011fdi\u015f edilmesinden ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe yaramamaktad\u0131r. Oysa, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik gayet kendinde, farkl\u0131 ve ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir konu olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir konudur.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe konu olan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin tetikleyicisi olarak birbirinden farkl\u0131 olgular ileri s\u00fcrmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak bunlar\u0131 biraz daraltarak, Avrupa i\u00e7i sorunlara\/olgulara hasrederek ifade etmek gerekirse, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00fc\u00e7 temel nedenin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunlar, co\u011frafi s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k; demografi yap\u0131n\u0131n hareketlili\u011fi ve tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin yetersizli\u011fi. Birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 nedenin farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda birbirini itmesi, birle\u015fmesi gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya yani yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki denizlere a\u00e7\u0131lmaya sevk etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Uzun bir tarihi s\u00fcrece yay\u0131lan s\u00f6z konusu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik olgusu, Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 denizci milletlerin, \u2018ad\u0131na ke\u015fifler\u2019 denilen s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle di\u011fer milletler \u00fczerinde, her biri temelde birer paradigma olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan ticari\/ekonomik, teritoryal yay\u0131lma, siyasal egemenlik, misyonerlik ve maceraperestlik gibi unsurlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, dini alana dair belirleyicilik \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki Portekiz ve \u0130spanyollar\u0131n Katolik Kilisesi ya da Papal\u0131k marifetiyle, Tortedillas Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u2019yla (1494) okyanuslara a\u00e7\u0131lmalar\u0131, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, dini boyutun gayet erken d\u00f6nemdeki yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Papal\u0131k, Avrupa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda me\u015fruiyet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6ylece hayata ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, hem kas\u0131tl\u0131 hem kas\u0131ts\u0131z veya bir niyetlenilmemi\u015f sonu\u00e7 (unintended consequence<\/em>) olarak ticaretin al\u0131p ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gidece\u011fi bir s\u00fcrece evrilir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu ticaret eksenli geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik b\u00fcnyesinde \u00f6zellikle, erken d\u00f6nemlerinde de\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f\u2019un (barter<\/em>), ard\u0131ndan k\u0131ymetli maden ve \u00e7e\u015fitli banknotlarla devaml\u0131l\u0131k arz eden ili\u015fkinin, ard\u0131ndan sermaye olu\u015fumu ve bilimsel\/end\u00fcstriyel geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak teritoryal hakimiyete evrilen, birbirine eklemlenen yap\u0131lar \u00fczerinde te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Bat\u0131\u2019da ve Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00e7evrelerde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemini 1498-1945 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak, aksine daha da geni\u015fleterek \u00f6rne\u011fin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti gibi unsurlar\u0131 da i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde g\u00fcndeme getirme \u00e7abalar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Ancak bu durum, gayet tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k bir alana tekab\u00fcl etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6yle ki, bir ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirecek olursak bu durum, Bat\u0131 Avrupa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin neden oldu\u011fu yap\u0131sal k\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin ve tarihsel bozulmalar\u0131 (historical distortion<\/em>) dindirmeye matuf bir durumu ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada, \u00f6rnekleri geni\u015fletecek olursak, kadim \u00c7in\u2019in Tak\u0131madalar ve Hint Okyanusu \u00fczerinde, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131nkine benzer bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kavram\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, onun neden oldu\u011fu k\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri hedeflemedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Tam da bu noktada, bir Robinson Cruose ve Cuma (Friday<\/em>) ili\u015fkisi ile Portekizli D\u2019Albuquerque ile Cheng Ho (Zheng Ho) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 gayet yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Bir yanda, \u00f6tekile\u015ftiren, yok etmeye e\u011filimlerini saklamayan bir yap\u0131; \u00f6te yanda, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki yok saymayan, aksine, tan\u0131may\u0131 onunla birlikte kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fctekabiliyet \u00fczerine in\u015fa eden ili\u015fki t\u00fcr\u00fcne rastlar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u2018Ke\u015fif\u2019 olgusu \u00e7arp\u0131tmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hemen burada \u2018ke\u015fif\u2019 olgusuna k\u0131saca de\u011finmekte yarar var. Temelde var olan toplumlar, bunlar\u0131n birbirleriyle y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 bulan ve i\u00e7inde ticaret\/ekonomi, dini\/k\u00fclt\u00fcrel vb. yap\u0131lar\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 denizci milletlerin kendi bulunduklar\u0131 k\u0131ta d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 nedeniyle sadece, onlar ad\u0131na bir \u2018ke\u015fif\u2019 bir bulgu anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yoksa, gidilen co\u011frafyalar \u00f6zellikle de, ilgi alan\u0131m\u0131z te\u015fkil eden, Hint Okyanusu ve \u00e7evresindeki Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131, Hindistan ve \u00c7in b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fam s\u00fcren toplumlar\u0131n tarihsel ve geleneksel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gayet yerli yerinde ve yap\u0131sal unsurlar\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck arz ediyordu.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu bu b\u00f6lgelerin bilgisi \u00f6rne\u011fin, somut olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in seferlerinden; Pliny\u2019nin kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Natural History<\/em> adl\u0131 eseri ve baz\u0131 di\u011fer benzerlerinde b\u00f6lge ticaret yollar\u0131ndan bahsetmesinden hareketle zaten bilinmekte oldu\u011fu; olsa olsa, aradan ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle de, Avrupa Orta\u00e7a\u011f karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu izleri silmesinin neden oldu\u011fu veya buna eklemlenen bir t\u00fcr unutkanl\u0131\u011fa konu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u2018Ke\u015fif\u2019 olgusuna vurgunun bu noktada bilin\u00e7li ve kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\/vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u00d6yle ki, bu ke\u015fif ile birlikte, ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi varsay\u0131lan ve bir anlamda \u2018nesne\u2019 kabul edilen toplumlar \u00fczerinde hakimiyeti sa\u011flama, onlar\u0131 adland\u0131rma\/tan\u0131mlama\/bi\u00e7imlendirme vb. gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ortaya koyabilmenin yolu da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 in\u015fa s\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uzun s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcrecinin, bir dizi yap\u0131lanmay\u0131\/in\u015fay\u0131 ortaya koydu\u011fu konusunda genel bir kabul\u00fcn oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ancak bu durum, tek y\u00f6nl\u00fcl\u00fck arz etmesi nedeniyle, ayn\u0131 zamanda ele\u015ftiriyi de hak etmektedir. \u00d6yle ki, metropol<\/em> yani, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ana yurdu\/ba\u015fkenti, \u00e7iftlik<\/em> yani, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netme, idare etme, de\u011fi\u015ftirme, bi\u00e7imlendirme vazifesini yerine getirmeyi kendine bir t\u00fcr sorumluluk kabul eder. B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6tekini in\u015fa etti\u011fini gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, s\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131lanman\u0131n\/in\u015fan\u0131n sadece, bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fcc\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeye maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan toplumu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesiyle bir \u00fcstl\u00fck\/astl\u0131k; \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck\/a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k (superiority\/inferiority<\/em>); \u00f6zne\/nesne (subject\/object<\/em>) ili\u015fkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aksine, her iki taraf\u0131n fark\u0131nda olunsun veya olunmas\u0131n\/bilin\u00e7li veya bilin\u00e7siz olarak, farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve mek\u00e2nlarda, birbirini etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, etkisini sergiledi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz. Asl\u0131nda bu yakla\u015f\u0131m bize, ortada olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7ler kendileriyle \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019 aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6ylesi bir ili\u015fkiyi, zaman zaman bundan fer\u00e2gat eder gibi bir tav\u0131r sergilemi\u015flerse de, \u00f6zne-nesne \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele alma konusunda yatk\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Ve bunu \u00e7e\u015fitli vas\u0131talarla somut bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsalar da, asl\u0131nda var olan ger\u00e7eklik; yeni veriler; metodolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar bize, \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019 denilenin nas\u0131l kendinde bir yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem kendi \u00fczerinde hem de, Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yap\u0131 \u00fczerinde sergiledi\u011fine dair yakla\u015f\u0131mlar kazanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, birbirini etkilemeye matuf bu t\u00fcr etkile\u015fimleri, \u2018diyalojik ili\u015fki\u2019 olarak adland\u0131rabiliriz.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 in\u015fada politik-ekonomi, bilgi \u00fcretimi, din gibi alanlar\u0131n i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve de\u011fi\u015fime konu oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek vermekte yarar var. Hint Okyanusunu \u00e7evreleyen topraklarda, Tak\u0131madalar co\u011frafyas\u0131nda \u0130slamla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin yenilenmesinin, geli\u015fme kaydetmesinin, kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine paralel olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 denizci uluslar\u0131n, Hindistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 sahil \u015feritleri ile Tak\u0131madalar b\u00f6lgesinde uzun d\u00f6nemli olarak sahip olduklar\u0131 ticaret istasyonlar\u0131\/kargo merkezleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla var olduklar\u0131, zaman zaman b\u00f6lge ticaretinde b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl anlamda tekelcilik olmasa da, egemenlik tesis ettikleri hat\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nan sermaye, bilgi, kurumsalla\u015fma gibi boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizmi tetikleyen\/geni\u015fleten evren<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ad\u0131na kapitalizm denilen ve \u2018ticaret kapitalizmi\u2019, \u2018finans kapitalizmi\u2019 gibi sermaye birikiminin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir nitelik kazanmas\u0131nda ve kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan a\u015famalar hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa eden politik-ekonominin temellerinde \u00f6nemli i\u015flevler g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir iddia olmakla birlikte, Atlantik \u00f6tesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde madenlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Hint Okyanusu ve \u00f6tesinin hammadde, insan kaynaklar\u0131 vb. \u00f6zellikleriyle daha belirleyici oldu\u011funu ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki politik-ekonominin geli\u015fmesine uzun erimli yarar(!) sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Burada Max Weber\u2019in \u201ckapitalizm\u201din k\u00f6kenine dair g\u00f6ndermesine k\u0131saca at\u0131f yapmakta yarar var. Her ne kadar, tek bir nedensele indirgemedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylese de, bir tipoloji olu\u015fturma ad\u0131na kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesinde bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle sermayenin h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131ndaki fakt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011fin Amsterdam\u2019daki d\u00f6nemin Kalvinci t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n etik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na ba\u011flarken, sorulmas\u0131 gereken soru eti\u011fin tek ba\u015f\u0131na sermaye eri\u015fimine yol a\u00e7mayaca\u011f\u0131, aksine var olan ve\/ya geli\u015ftirilmeye matuf bir ticaret evrenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Peki, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Weber\u2019de g\u00f6rebiliyor muyuz?<\/p>\n

Ya da ba\u015fta Hollanda ve ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngiltere olmak \u00fczere, erken d\u00f6nem burjuva politik-ekonomi yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme getirdikleri m\u00fcte\u015febbislik, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, para, de\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f vb. kavram ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin nas\u0131l olup da, d\u0131\u015fardan bir unsur olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, kendine uygun zemini Avrupa s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bulabilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yap\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl de\u011fil<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dczerinde \u00f6nemle durulmas\u0131 gereken bir ba\u015fka husus, genel itibar\u0131yla birbirinden farkl\u0131l\u0131k arz eden ve her s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yap\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken unsurlar\u0131n\/s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, bize belki de baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin kabul etti\u011finin aksine \u00f6rne\u011fin, Bat\u0131 Avrupa gibi denizci uluslar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 co\u011frafyadan ba\u015flayan, d\u00fcnya okyanuslar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak farkl\u0131 k\u0131talara ula\u015fan, birle\u015fik bir emel ve hedef ile hareket eden yap\u0131lar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Aksine, s\u00f6z konusu Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 denizci uluslar, zaman zaman ortak hareket etmelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, belki de \u00e7ok\u00e7a, Avrupa\u2019da olu\u015fan ve geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren, i\u00e7inde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da oldu\u011fu bir dizi toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fme ve bu y\u00f6ndeki taleplerini s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekilen t\u00fcm bu hususlar ve benzerlerinin acaba s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe maruz kalm\u0131\u015f toplumlarda nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\/kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131, s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve\/ya g\u00f6rsel malzemelerde nas\u0131l sergilendi\u011fi konusu ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmay\u0131 beklemektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 16.12.2021 S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik olgusu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4248,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4247"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4247\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4249,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4247\/revisions\/4249"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4248"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}