{"id":3980,"date":"2021-08-17T19:39:20","date_gmt":"2021-08-17T19:39:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=3980"},"modified":"2021-08-17T19:39:20","modified_gmt":"2021-08-17T19:39:20","slug":"endonezyada-bagimsizligin-76-yildonumu-the-76-anniversary-of-independence-in-the-republic-of-indonesia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/endonezyada-bagimsizligin-76-yildonumu-the-76-anniversary-of-independence-in-the-republic-of-indonesia\/","title":{"rendered":"Endonezya\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 76. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc \/ The 76 anniversary of independence in the Republic of Indonesia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 17.08.2021<\/strong><\/p>\n

Endonezya Cumhuriyeti, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 76. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kutluyor. Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesinde bilinen ad\u0131yla Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sona ermesinden sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra il\u00e2n edilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, geni\u015f Tak\u0131madalar toplulu\u011funu belki de, tarihte hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ulus-devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, bu \u2018modern\u2019 olu\u015fun daha kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de neye tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi hususunda var oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenen sorunun, neden ne\u015fet etti\u011fini iyi anlamak gerekir. Sorundan kas\u0131t\u0131n, ulus-devletin var etti\u011fi iddia edilen birli\u011fin temelleri konusudur. Buna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da de\u011finece\u011fim…<\/p>\n

K\u00f6kl\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k arzusu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle \u015funu ifade etmekte yarar var… S\u00f6z konusu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan, -temelde ulus-devlet \u00f6ncesinde imaginative <\/em>olan bu asl\u0131nda- s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n devriyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirli\u011fi gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k genel bir kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa giden s\u00fcrecin sadece, 1945-1949 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019n sadece belirli b\u00f6lgelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan vatan savunmas\u0131 konusunda verilen aktif savunma ve direni\u015f temeliyle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k olgusunu vatan, egemenlik hakk\u0131, ekonomik refah ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle ve t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak dini\/inan\u00e7 formuyla ili\u015fkilendirdi\u011fimizde, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yap\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin aktif ve pasif olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren, Tak\u0131madalar\u2019da farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ulus-devlet ve imaginative<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekilece\u011fi \u00fczere Benedict Anderson\u2019un sosyal bilimlere ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ulus-devletin olu\u015fumuna dair imaginative<\/em> kavram\u0131n\u0131n, bu tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011f\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulanmay\u0131 hak eder.<\/p>\n

Tak\u0131madalar\u2019\u0131n temelde insan sto\u011fu olarak ayn\u0131\/benzer bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131 ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, din\/inan\u00e7 gibi genel \u00f6zellikler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, birbirine yak\u0131nla\u015fan boyutlar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu hat\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Benedict Anderson\u2019un Endonezya ba\u011flam\u0131nda imaginative<\/em> oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ulus-devlet olgusunun ne t\u00fcr bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelir.<\/p>\n

Anderson\u2019un, Max Weber\u2019in Community and Society<\/em> isimli eserinde dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi, \u201culus devletin te\u015fkiliyle ulusal dil\u201d olgusuna vurgu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\/ya buradan ilham ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeliyiz. Ancak, t\u00fcm di\u011fer siyasi iddialara ve pratiklere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Tak\u0131madalar toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan olgular\u0131n, salt dil ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ortadad\u0131r. Bunu, verilen aktif ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin temellerinde gayet a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, Anderson\u2019un ulus-devletleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 imaginative<\/em> kavram\u0131 Endonezya ile de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak gerekir! Asl\u0131nda Anderson\u2019un bu kavramla ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaypakl\u0131k<\/em>, ad\u0131na modern\/Bat\u0131l\u0131 ulus-devlet denilen siyasi yap\u0131n\u0131n dinamiklerinin bir anlamda temelsizli\u011finde aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dayan\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 ruh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu noktada, Benedict Anderson\u2019un mahiyeti itibar\u0131yla bir t\u00fcr sunili\u011fe g\u00f6nderme yapan imaginative <\/em>kavram\u0131 \u00f6zelindeki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen do\u011fru kabul etmekle birlikte, Endonezya \u00f6zelinde toplumsal\/siyasal ger\u00e7eklikle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeyen y\u00f6nleri de oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Bunun en bariz ifadesi, b\u00f6lge toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerini \u2018\u00f6tekine\u2019 yak\u0131n hissetmelerini olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcr, din\/inan\u00e7 gibi k\u00f6kl\u00fc\/tarihsel s\u00fcreklilik arz eden unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, imaginative<\/em> kavram\u0131na \u2018sunili\u011fe tekab\u00fcl etmesi anlam\u0131nda\u2019 hakl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131racak hususu, \u00f6rne\u011fin Endonezya (Indonesia<\/em>) ad\u0131n\u0131n sunili\u011fi kadar, Avrupal\u0131 gibi yabanc\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n co\u011frafi tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 ile belirlenmi\u015fli\u011finde aramak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Alman sosyal bilimci Adolf Bastian\u2019\u0131n 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u201cIndonesian oder die inseln des malayschem<\/em>\u201d demek suretiyle g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi ve t\u00fcm Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan tan\u0131mlama, uzun tarihsel d\u00f6nemler boyunca b\u00f6lgede varl\u0131k s\u00fcren denizci devletlerin hatta, kimi adland\u0131rmalarla imparatorluklarla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen bir yan\u0131 bulunmuyor.<\/p>\n

Tabii, s\u00f6z konusu siyasi yap\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fin, modern Avrupa devlet yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek \u00f6nemli bir yan\u0131lg\u0131y\u0131 i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bu noktada, \u0130slamiyet temelli yap\u0131lanmalar bir yana, ilk akla gelen 7 il\u00e2 12. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Srivijaya ile 13 il\u00e2 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam eden Majapahit\u2019in denizcilikle kendini g\u00f6steren siyasal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bildik Avrupa egemenlik unsuru ile a\u00e7\u0131klamak rasyonel olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, farkl\u0131 Adalar ve ilgili Adalar\u2019\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fam s\u00fcren toplumlar\u0131n siyasi ili\u015fkilerinde belirleyici unsurun, \u00f6ncelikli olarak sava\u015f temelli ve y\u0131k\u0131m-odakl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Egemenli\u011fin bir t\u00fcr k\u00fclt\u00fcrel\/dini-kutsal yap\u0131 ile kendini belirgin k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ekonomik yap\u0131la\u015fmada gayet \u00f6nemli bir unsur olarak dikkat \u00e7eken liman \u015fehirlerinin birbirleriyle kurdu\u011fu ticaret a\u011flar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc, Bat\u0131l\u0131 anlamda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 siyasi egemenlikten ay\u0131rmak gerekir. Aksine bu ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (network<\/em>), bir t\u00fcr kutsal\/yar\u0131 kutsal hiyerar\u015fik bir ili\u015fkiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hiyerar\u015finin yine Bat\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin aksine, birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 ezicili\u011fi de\u011fil, tan\u0131may\u0131, birle\u015fmeyi ve kabul\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir yap\u0131ya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sek\u00fclerle\u015fmeci temelsizlik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ulus-devlet ba\u011flam\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilecek sorunun, ilgili toplumlar\u0131n te\u015fkil etti\u011fi siyasi yap\u0131dan ziyade, bizatihi bu siyasi yap\u0131ya zemin te\u015fkil eden modern\/Bat\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce oldu\u011funu vurgulamal\u0131y\u0131z. Yukar\u0131da Max Weber\u2019e at\u0131fla dikkat \u00e7ekildi\u011fi \u00fczere, ulus-devleti belirleyici k\u0131lan\u0131n \u2018dil\u2019 olgusu ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi sars\u0131c\u0131 sek\u00fclerle\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle ili\u015fkilidir ve tam da ulus-devlet sorunsal\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eden bir y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burada kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan husus\u00a0 \u015fudur: Sadece Sosyoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmayan, ayn\u0131 zamanda Siyaset Bilimi\u2019nce de ilgiyle takip edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, Bat\u0131 Avrupa toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n dinle ili\u015fkisindeki dejenerasyonun belirleyicili\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Tam da bu noktada, Endonezya\u2019da Tak\u0131madalar toplumlar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini sa\u011flama noktas\u0131nda, ulus-devlet yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k olgusunun \u00f6nemine ku\u015fku olmamakla birlikte, t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmi\u015f topraklarda oldu\u011fu gibi, ulus-devlet yap\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bu topraklardaki halklar\u0131n kahir ekseriyetinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131 eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci, yeni Bat\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f kurucu fig\u00fcrler ve ayd\u0131nlar marifetiyle dinlere mesafeli duru\u015f, sek\u00fclerle\u015fmeyi yap\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir unsur olarak g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, bizatihi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemi yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n uzun erimli uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalar\u0131n sek\u00fclerle\u015ftirici boyutunun, \u00a0gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k yeni modern ulus devlet b\u00fcnyesinde kendini bir ba\u015fka ara\u00e7 \u00fczerinden g\u00fcncellemesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Bu husus, 76. ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131nda Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde bir t\u00fcr modernle\u015fme sorunu olarak zuhur ederken, sadece belirli b\u00f6lgelerler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmayacak \u015fekilde birle\u015ftirici ruhun aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 17.08.2021 Endonezya Cumhuriyeti, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 76. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kutluyor. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3982,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-endonezya","category-gunluk-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3980","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3980"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3980\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3983,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3980\/revisions\/3983"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3980"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}