{"id":3829,"date":"2021-05-01T16:14:32","date_gmt":"2021-05-01T16:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=3829"},"modified":"2021-05-01T16:14:32","modified_gmt":"2021-05-01T16:14:32","slug":"modernite-ve-marxizmin-evrenselcilik-iddiasi-modernity-and-the-proposition-of-universalism-in-marxizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/modernite-ve-marxizmin-evrenselcilik-iddiasi-modernity-and-the-proposition-of-universalism-in-marxizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Modernite ve Marxizmin evrenselcilik iddias\u0131 \/ Modernity and the proposition of universalism in Marxizm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 01.05.2021<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evrensellik iddias\u0131nda bulunmak, modern Bat\u0131 Avrupa de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecinin ve de\u011fi\u015fim arzusunun en \u00f6nemli kavramlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturur. Bu evrensellik iddias\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme iddias\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131ndan biri Liberalizm ise di\u011feri Marxizm\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Bu iddia, kendini i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 Avrupa toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme iddias\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aksine, bunun \u00f6tesinde, evrensellik iddias\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlamak \u00fczere, \u00f6zellikle s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcreci ile t\u00fcm s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilen topraklar \u00fczerindeki toplumlar\u0131n dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, gelene\u011fi, de\u011ferleri ve bunlara \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclendirdikleri ekomoni-politikalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde egemenlik tesisi ile kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren ve ad\u0131na liberalizm, kom\u00fcnizm, sosyalizm denilen bir yanda, felsefi ve sosyolojik \u00f6te yanda, ideolojik ekonomi-politikleri ile bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, \u00f6rne\u011fin post-modern, ele\u015ftirel teori, feminizm, post-kolonyalizm gibi as\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini unutturacak denli farkl\u0131 boyutlarda etkisini hem reel alanda hem de akademi ve soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ba\u011flam\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu unsurlar\u0131n temel dayanak noktas\u0131 ise, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kendini do\u011fa \u00f6tesi, kutsal yap\u0131 ile irtibat\u0131n\u0131 koparmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, bir yandan insan merkezcilik \u00f6te yandan evrenselcilik iddias\u0131, Maw Weber\u2019in \u2018demir kafes\u2019 (iron cage<\/em>) metaforuyla kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yap\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmas\u0131yla bir t\u00fcr i\u00e7 travmaya konu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Pozitif sosyal ve anlam kayb\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, insan\u0131 merkeze almakla birlikte bir yan\u0131yla h\u00fcmanizme dayan\u0131rken, \u00f6teki yan\u0131yla kat\u0131 maddecili\u011fi ile tezah\u00fcr eder. Ancak her iki halde de maddecilik temelli yap\u0131dan fer\u00e2gat etmeme durumu, temel bir olgu olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu insan merkezcilik, ad\u0131na bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma denilen deney ve g\u00f6zlem ile bu deney ve g\u00f6zlem sonucu olu\u015fan verilere giderek egemen bir anlam y\u00fcklemesiyle dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin hem kayna\u011f\u0131 hem sonucu olan bilimsel u\u011fra\u015flara ve bunlar\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu temel verilere y\u00fcklenen anlam, bizatihi pozitif bilimlerle me\u015fgul olan \u00e7evrelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmayan aksine, giderek toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer boyutlar\u0131na da sirayet eden bir \u00a0e\u011filim sergilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kendinde belirleyici k\u0131stas olarak bilim alan\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mesi, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na anlaml\u0131 kabul edilebilir. Ancak maddeyi temel alan bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ger\u00e7eklik evrenini tekil boyuta indirgemekle kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda monopolize etmesiyle anlam kayb\u0131n\u0131 ve yitimini de beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenledir ki, sosyoloji biliminin kendinde bir alan olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 Avrupa toplumlar\u0131nda, dinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dini de\u011fi\u015fim \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u201canlam\u201d olgusunun yitimini, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcnden kurtulan\u201d d\u00fcnya (disenchantment<\/em>) kavram\u0131yla veren Max Weber ve dini teolojik boyutundan s\u0131y\u0131ran August Comte ile dini, insan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yans\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 ve nihayetinde nesnelle\u015ftirdikleri bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 kabul eden Emile Durkheim modernitenin s\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, belki de bilimin kast\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fen bu egemenlik olgusu, sosyolojik olarak toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimlerin temel dayanak noktas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla, insan toplumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131namayan bir ku\u015fatmaya evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, maddi do\u011fruluk referanslar\u0131 yeg\u00e2ne hakikat derecesine y\u00fckseltme yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131na kap\u0131lan Bat\u0131 bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ya da pozitif bilim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, zamanla teolojiyi ve metafizi\u011fi giderek g\u00fcndeminden \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve adeta bu alanlar\u0131 kendine bir m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 kabul ederek, hatta \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde bir hedef haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, Marx\u2019\u0131n ve onunla birlikte sosyologlar\u0131n rol\u00fc ise, s\u00f6z konusu bilimsel alan\u0131n yeg\u00e2neli\u011fini, sosyal alana ta\u015f\u0131ma u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin de\u011ferler anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak, \u2018insan-insan\u2019 ve \u2018insan-do\u011fa\u2019 ili\u015fkisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda, Marx ortaya koydu\u011fu ekonomi-politi\u011fi asl\u0131nda, ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden ve de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden pek de farkl\u0131 bir noktada de\u011fildir. Her ikisinin de temel \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 madde merkezli olurken, bir di\u011fer benzerlikleri evrensellik iddialar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Kendinde bir evrensellik iddias\u0131n\u0131n maddi temeller \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen bu do\u011fas\u0131, Bat\u0131 Avrupa merkezli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve pratik olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulurken, d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n kahir ekseriyetinin farkl\u0131 bir felsefi ve moral e\u011filimler sergiledi\u011fi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bu kendine has niteli\u011fi, bizatihi kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc tarihsel \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olmas\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131labilir olsa da, liberalizmden sosyalizme kadar, bu tarihsel \u015fartlar\u0131 ve do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 di\u011fer d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kesinle\u015ftirme e\u011filimi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcden ba\u015flayarak, entellekt\u00fcel ve fiziki olarak bask\u0131lama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kadar uzanan gayet \u00e7eli\u015fkili bir s\u00fcreci ve yap\u0131y\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marxist sosyoloji ve ill\u00fczyon <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 anlamland\u0131rman\u0131n ad\u0131 olarak dikkat \u00e7eken Marxist sosyoloji, her ne kadar \u201cdiyalektik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yasalar\u0131\u201d demek suretiyle s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkileri boyutunda -indirgemeci boyutta da olsa- bir analiz ortaya koymas\u0131yla \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, aradan ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda Marx\u2019\u0131 bir sosyal bilimci niteli\u011finden \u00f6te bir aktivist ve hatta devrimci k\u0131lan unsur onun, sosyolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde belirledi\u011fi unsurlar\u0131 toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nitekim, \u2018devrimcilik\u2019 s\u00f6yleminin dayanak noktas\u0131 da budur. Bug\u00fcn ad\u0131na Marxizm<\/em> denilen ve -izm <\/em>olmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir ideolojik zemin te\u015fkil eden ekonomi-politik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n, yine aradan ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre zarf\u0131ndan kendinde bir sosyolojik de\u011fer olmaktan s\u0131yr\u0131l\u0131p, antropolojik anlamda bir mitolojiye ve psikolojik ba\u011flamda bir ill\u00fczyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tan\u0131k olunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu tan\u0131kl\u0131k, kendini modernite i\u00e7erisinde tan\u0131mlayan Marxist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin, bizatihi modernitenin a\u00e7mazlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u00fcstlenmesiyle, hem kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti\u011fi burjuva ekonomi-politi\u011fin, hem de bir \u00f6neri olarak sundu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z toplum mitinin, ayn\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 olmas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Temelde ekonomi alan\u0131ndan beslenen bir sosyal bilimci olan Karl Marx, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Avrupa bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temel unsurlar\u0131ndan olan felsefe kaynaklardan da istifadeyle, Bat\u0131 Avrupa toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren konu olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcreciyle ba\u015flayan ve i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131n tetiklemesinin ve zorlamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, eylemlerin \u2018niyetlenilmemi\u015f sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u2019 olarak (unintended consequences<\/em>) tedrici bir evrilmeye maruz kalan de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine y\u00f6nelik analitik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bizatihi zamanla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan burjuva toplumuna ve bunun ekonomi-politi\u011fini olu\u015fturan liberal ve kapitalist yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na s\u00f6zde bir alternatif getirme u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 sergiledi.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7aba i\u00e7erisinde Marx\u2019\u0131n merkeze ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 husus, tarihsel materyalizme i\u00e7kin \u201cmateryalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u201d yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fat bir unsur olarak a\u00e7\u0131k-se\u00e7ik ortaya konmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Asl\u0131nda bu pek de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir durum de\u011fildir. Nihayetinde Marx\u2019\u0131n beslendi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131, ayd\u0131nlanma ile birlikte bilimsel u\u011fra\u015f ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda sergilenen yap\u0131lar ile ondan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce insan\u0131 madde ile ili\u015fkilendirmenin arac\u0131 olacak mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00e7oktan olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan ve devrimle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen evrensellik iddias\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f olmas\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 onun modern end\u00fcstrile\u015fmenin en temel unsuru olarak dile getirdi\u011fi \u201cevrensellik krizi\u201dnin, kendinde tezah\u00fcr\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Bu noktada, modernitenin \u2018\u015feyleri\u2019 par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131na kayda de\u011fer bir bi\u00e7imde Marxizmde tan\u0131k olunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 01.05.2021 Evrensellik iddias\u0131nda bulunmak, modern Bat\u0131 Avrupa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3830,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3829","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3829"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3829\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3831,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3829\/revisions\/3831"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}