{"id":3809,"date":"2021-04-15T19:15:37","date_gmt":"2021-04-15T19:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=3809"},"modified":"2021-04-15T19:17:35","modified_gmt":"2021-04-15T19:17:35","slug":"sosyolojide-modernite-ve-kapitalism-iliskisi-ya-da-werner-sombart-max-weber-modernity-and-capitalism-in-sociology-or-werner-sombart-max-weber","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/sosyolojide-modernite-ve-kapitalism-iliskisi-ya-da-werner-sombart-max-weber-modernity-and-capitalism-in-sociology-or-werner-sombart-max-weber\/","title":{"rendered":"Sosyoloji\u2019de modernite ve kapitalism ili\u015fkisi ya da Werner Sombart \u2013 Max Weber \/ Modernity and Capitalism in Sociology or Werner Sombart \u2013 Max Weber"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 15.04.2021<\/strong><\/p>\n

Max Weber ve Werner Sombart Alman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011finin izini s\u00fcren iki sosyal bilimcidir. Bu anlamda, bu iki ismi birbirine yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran olgular d\u00f6nemda\u015f olmalar\u0131 ve yak\u0131n arkada\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 kadar, ele ald\u0131klar\u0131 konular\u0131n benzerli\u011finde de kendini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Her ikisi de, d\u00f6nemin yani, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli konusu olan burjuvazi, kapitalizm, end\u00fcstrile\u015fme, gibi konular \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya koydular. Temel itibar\u0131yla modernle\u015fmeye tekab\u00fcl eden bu ve benzeri kavramlar\u0131 belirleyen, g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131yan olgular\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131na inme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, onlar\u0131 tarihi verileri titizlikle kullanmaya sevk etti. B\u00f6ylece, benzerliklerinin metodoloji alan\u0131nda da kendini ortaya koydu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Tarihe ve\/ya tarihi de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine yap\u0131lan sondaj, asl\u0131nda farkl\u0131 zamansall\u0131klarda bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k olgusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Bu durum, bir anlamda Fernand Braudel ve Immanuel Wallerstein\u2019in belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte toplumsal hadiselerin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan olgular\u0131n ya\u015fanan bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6gesi olabilece\u011fini akla getirir.<\/p>\n

Bu iki sosyal bilimciyi bir \u00f6nceki neslin sosyal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc ve aktivisti\/ideologu Karl Marx\u2019a yakla\u015ft\u0131ran ayn\u0131 ya da benzer kavramlar olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. Marx, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki \u00f6rne\u011fin Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson gibi burjuvazi ekonomistlerinin, Avrupa\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomi-politi\u011fin kavramlar\u0131 olarak kapitalizm, end\u00fcstrile\u015fme, s\u0131n\u0131f, sivil toplum vb. olgular\u0131n\u0131 devr al\u0131r ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, Avrupa co\u011frafyas\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fimin ba\u015fat bir olgu oldu\u011fu toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak, modernle\u015fme ve bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomi alan\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan kapitalizm, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda bug\u00fcn ad\u0131 daha \u00e7ok \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Weber\u2019in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Sombart\u2019\u0131n ilgi alan\u0131na girmesi Karl Marx \u00fczerinden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Sombart Werner ne Weber gibi teorisi ve metodolojisiyle 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda giderek \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir sosyal bilimci olmu\u015f, ne de Marx gibi toplumu bizatihi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye soyunan aktivistli\u011fi ve ideologlu\u011fu ile an\u0131lan bir siyaset bilimciye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, din d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve e\u011filimlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri, end\u00fcstrile\u015fmeyle gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle beraber, kapitalist ekonomik yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n hakim oldu\u011fu Bat\u0131 Avrupa toplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anlamada, Weber ve Sombart\u2019\u0131n ortaya koyduklar\u0131 eserleri ekonomi-politi\u011fi \u00f6nceller. Bu anlamda, \u00f6rne\u011fin Max Weber\u2019in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism<\/em> adl\u0131 eseri, sosyoloji biliminin geli\u015fmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6zellikle din ve iktisat sosyolojilerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan, peki\u015ftiren ve geli\u015fimlerini h\u0131zland\u0131ran etkileriyle dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, Werner Sombart\u2019\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer eserleri bir yana Der Moderne Kapitalismus<\/em> (1902), Sozialismus und Soziale Bewegung<\/em>, (1896) Das Proletariat<\/em> (1906) gibi eserlerinin ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 bile, bize bu ve benzeri konular\u0131n sadece Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ve bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011frudan tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi kavramlar ve toplumsal olgular, bizatihi kapitalist toplum yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n unsurlar\u0131 olmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, her ne kadar Marx\u2019tan etkilenmi\u015f olsa da, Sombart gibi ba\u015fka sosyal bilimciler \u00a0taraf\u0131ndan da y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6nemini ortaya koymaya devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu bu iki yak\u0131n dostun yani, Weber ve Sombart\u2019\u0131n ortaya koyduklar\u0131 bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda onlar\u0131 bulu\u015fturan baz\u0131 unsurlardan bahsedilebilir. Kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 ve yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekilen eserlerine g\u00f6z at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr nedeninin capitalism<\/em> olgusu oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Temel itibar\u0131yla bunda bir yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bunun ard\u0131nda, ba\u015fka nedenler olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulanabilir. \u00d6zellikle, Max Weber rasyonalite (rationality<\/em>) kavram\u0131 \u00f6zelinde toplumsal olaylar\u0131 anlamaya \u00f6nem veren bir sosyal bilimcidir. Bu noktada, Weber\u2019in temel ilgisini ve\/ya temel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131 ne ekonomi ne de din olu\u015fturur. Aksine, Weber\u2019i hukuktan sosyal bilimlerin bir ba\u015fka alan\u0131na yani, iktisat\u2019a \u00e7eken geli\u015fme belki de, akademik ya\u015famda kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan geli\u015fig\u00fczel bir ilgiydi. Ya da d\u00f6neminin egemen sosyal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin, Alman Tarih Okulu\u2019nun ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve ekonomiyi merkeze alan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce okulunun cazibesine kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

Werner Sombart ise, ekonomiye y\u00f6nelik ilgisi a\u015fik\u00e2r olmakla birlikte, zamanla bu incelemesinde ticaret d\u00fcnyas\u0131na egemen olan mali i\u015fler ve ili\u015fkilerin \u00f6tesinde, bu t\u00fcr ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ve yap\u0131land\u0131ran belirli\/somut bir toplumsal kesimin do\u011fas\u0131na ve kimli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik \u2018tesad\u00fcfi\u2019 (accidental<\/em>) bulgusuyla dikkat \u00e7eker. Sombart\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Weberyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cbir eylemin niyetlenilmemi\u015f sonucu\u201d olarak tesad\u00fcfen b\u00f6ylesi bir toplumsal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi ke\u015ffetti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Burada Sombart\u2019\u0131n ekonomi ve \u00f6zellikle de, kapitalizme bir inceleme konusu yapmaya Weber\u2019den \u00f6nce ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n ya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 daha \u00f6nce d\u00f6nemin kamuoyuyla payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda bu durum, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n niyetli, kas\u0131tl\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fc kadar dikkate al\u0131nmayan veya s\u00fcre\u00e7te zuhur eden baz\u0131 olgular \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eder. T\u0131pk\u0131, pozitif yani fen bilimlerinde do\u011fa veya laboratuar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda tesad\u00fcflerin kendini ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi\u2026<\/p>\n

Weber\u2019in 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geziden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve edit\u00f6rlerinden oldu\u011fu Archiv f\u00fcr socialwissenschaft und sozialpolitik<\/em>\u2019daki Protestan Eti\u011fi ve Kapitalizm Ruhu ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesini geli\u015ftirmesinde, bu ziyaretindeki g\u00f6zlemlerinin ve tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fc bulunuyor. Kapitalizmin, Avrupa ile k\u0131yaslanamayacak bir d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Amerika\u2019da, \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 dini gruplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sek\u00fclerle\u015fme y\u00f6nelimlerinin Weber\u2019de dini yap\u0131n\u0131n, kapitalizmin rasyonal do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131 kadar, bu yap\u0131n\u0131n ondan ne denli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu anlamda, yukar\u0131da benzer ya da ayn\u0131 komular \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz Sombart ve Weber aras\u0131nda bir etkile\u015fime ku\u015fku olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bunun \u00f6tesinde ve ayn\u0131 zamanda birbirine meydan okuyan bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sergilediklerini de s\u00f6ylemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, Weber \u2018Reform d\u00f6nemi\u2019 geli\u015fmelerini merkeze al\u0131rken, Sombart ise Yahudi toplumu \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok daha uzun d\u00f6nemleri i\u00e7eren tarihi perspektifi ele almak suretiyle, Avrupa\u2019da Yahudi toplumunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve girdi\u011fi toplumsal ve ekonomik ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan bir ba\u011flamda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, her ikisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda da, tarihsel ve d\u00f6nemsel ili\u015fkiler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Temelde ekonomik ili\u015fkilerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ancak, bu ili\u015fkilere zemin haz\u0131rlayan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 Weber ve Sombart\u2019ta kavramsal d\u00fczeyde de ortaya konulur. Weber\u2019in yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekilen eserinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da yer alan \u201cthe spirit of Capitalism<\/em>\u201d ile Sombart\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ilgili yerlerinde dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u201cthe Jewish spirit<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131, birbirine yak\u0131n ve ayn\u0131 soruna y\u00f6nelik olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyolojinin bir toplum inceleme bilimi olmas\u0131 onu tarihsel derinlikten uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, asl\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel ili\u015fkiler ve s\u00fcre\u00e7ler oldu\u011funu ortaya koyar. Bunun en temel g\u00f6stergelerinden biri de Max Weber ile ad\u0131, en az\u0131ndan di\u011fer sosyologlar aras\u0131nda geri pl\u00e2nda kalm\u0131\u015f olan Werner Sombart\u2019\u0131n kapitalizmi konu alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kendini ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 15.04.2021 Max Weber ve Werner Sombart Alman […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3809","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3809","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3809"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3813,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3809\/revisions\/3813"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3809"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3809"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}