{"id":2507,"date":"2018-08-20T15:37:38","date_gmt":"2018-08-20T15:37:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=2507"},"modified":"2018-08-20T15:37:38","modified_gmt":"2018-08-20T15:37:38","slug":"1997-guneydogu-asya-mali-krizinde-malezya-politikasi-malaysias-policy-during-financial-crisis-in-southeast-asia-in-1997","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/1997-guneydogu-asya-mali-krizinde-malezya-politikasi-malaysias-policy-during-financial-crisis-in-southeast-asia-in-1997\/","title":{"rendered":"1997 G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya mali krizinde Malezya politikas\u0131 \/ Malaysia\u2019s policy during financial crisis in Southeast Asia in 1997"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a020.08.2018<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bir s\u00fcredir d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir olgu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortada. Bu durum, kapitalizmin y\u00f6netimini elinde tutan az\u0131nl\u0131k bankerler grubunun, \u00e7e\u015fitli ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde g\u00fcndeme getirdikleri bir m\u00fcdahale \u015fekli. Bu m\u00fcdahalenin, ilgili \u00fclke ekonomilerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, siyasal sistemini de hizaya \u00e7ekme gibi bir i\u015flevle an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olunuyor.<\/p>\n

Bir s\u00fcredir dolar kuru \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen operasyonun bir benzeri, 1997-98\u2019de Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6nemin Malezya ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Dr. Mahathir Muhammed bu geli\u015fme \u00fczerine \u00f6nemli bir isim \u00fczerinden k\u00fcresel para spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlerinin, b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinde ekonomik \u00e7alkant\u0131ya yol a\u00e7an bir krize yol a\u00e7an ki\u015filer oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir ekonomik bunal\u0131m, salt Malezya gibi tekil \u00fclkeleri hedef almad\u0131. Aksine, genelde geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin, \u00f6zelde ise, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda \u2018Asya kaplanlar\u0131\u2019 ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u00fclkeler ile bu \u00fclkeler grubuna eklemlenmekte olan ikincil gruptaki \u00fclkeleri hedef al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Kur \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahalenin nedenleri aras\u0131nda, 1970\u2019lerde ye\u015fermeye ba\u015flayan ve meyvesini 80\u2019ler ve 90\u2019larda veren ekonomik kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ilgili \u00fclkelerin Bat\u0131 tipi siyasal rejimler ve y\u00f6netimlere benzerli\u011finin olmamas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00fczde 6 il\u00e2 9 oran\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00fclkeler, 1997 kur m\u00fcdahalesi ile borsalar\u0131 ve dolar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ulusal para birimleri \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131. 1998 Ocak ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, ekonomik dalgalanman\u0131n bir sonucu olarak b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleri borsas\u0131 y\u00fczde 70\u2019lere varan kay\u0131plara maruz kald\u0131. Bunun ard\u0131ndan s\u0131ra, bu \u00fclke y\u00f6netimlerinin IMF\u2019in kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almalar\u0131na gelmi\u015fti. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, IMF Tayland, Endonezya ve G\u00fcney Kore ekonomilerini d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla 110 milyar dolar k\u0131sa vadeli bor\u00e7 vermek suretiyle s\u00fcreci y\u00f6netme karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nem, kur operasyonuna maruz kalan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda IMF\u2019in kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almayan bir \u00fclke vard\u0131 ki, o da Malezya\u2019yd\u0131. Ba\u015fbakan Dr. Mahathir, sadece bu geli\u015fmeden etkilenen Malezya ad\u0131na de\u011fil, \u00fclkenin \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu ASEAN ad\u0131na da, en az\u0131ndan birlik i\u00e7erisindeki baz\u0131 \u00fclke ba\u015fbakan ve devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 deste\u011fiyle ASEAN ad\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta bulunmu\u015f ve k\u00fcresel finans spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlerine y\u00f6nelik a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilerde bulundu.<\/p>\n

Dr. Mahathir, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hong Kong\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen 20. IMF y\u0131ll\u0131k toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nemli finans ve ekonomi \u00e7evrelerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplant\u0131da, bu kur oynamalar\u0131na neden olan serbest ticaret fikrini y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerini y\u00fcksek sesle dile getirdi. Dr. Mahathir\u2019in, zenginliklerinin di\u011ferlerinin fakirlikleri \u00fczerine y\u00fckseldi\u011fi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir avu\u00e7 zengini olarak niteledi\u011fi kur spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlerinin giri\u015fimlerinin gayri-ahl\u00e2ki bir ticaret oldu\u011funu ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeleri fakirle\u015ftirme te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131 ve bu uygulamaya son verilmesi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 d\u00f6nemin Bat\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131nda da yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Peki Dr. Mahathir, IMF girmese de \u00fclkesini ekonomik anlamda d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in neler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 sorusu \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n

Krizle m\u00fccadelede, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ncelikli alan\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Krizle m\u00fccadelede, faiz oranlar\u0131, para ve maliye politikalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik makro ekonomik tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00f6zetle \u015fu hususlar dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir:<\/p>\n

-faiz oranlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek yat\u0131r\u0131m ve t\u00fcketim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda geli\u015fme sa\u011fland\u0131;<\/p>\n

-likitide art\u0131r\u0131larak bankalar\u0131n bor\u00e7 verme e\u011filimleri te\u015fvik edildi;<\/p>\n

-\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n dura\u011fanla\u015fmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da h\u00fck\u00fcmet harcamalar\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131;<\/p>\n

-d\u00f6viz kuru sabitlendi. Esnek d\u00f6viz kuru sistemine son verilmesi, kur dalgalanmalar\u0131na ve spek\u00fclasyonlara son verdi;<\/p>\n

-Malezya para birimi ringitin uluslararas\u0131 ticaretine son verildi. B\u00f6ylece kur spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne al\u0131nd\u0131;<\/p>\n

-Sermaye ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenerek, \u00f6zellikle yabanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131sa vadeli sermaye ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 engellendi. Yabanc\u0131 portf\u00f6y sermayesinin ve ringit cinsinden yabanc\u0131 sermayeli finansal varl\u0131klar\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili bir y\u0131ll\u0131k bir moratoryum karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. \u015eirketler ve yerli halk\u0131n sermaye transferlerine k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirildi;<\/p>\n

-Mali istikrar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ad\u0131na zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan mali kurumlar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine, h\u00fck\u00fcmet bankalara ve finans \u015firketlerine yat\u0131r\u0131lan mevduatlar\u0131 garanti edece\u011fini il\u00e2n etti.<\/p>\n

Malezya bu tedbirlerle, IMF\u2019in kontrol\u00fcne terk edilen \u00fclkelerde uygulanan y\u00fcksek faiz oranlar\u0131, para ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131lmas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda o d\u00f6nem radikal kabul edilen alternatif bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Malezya krizden \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu politikalar sayesinde, IMF\u2019in deste\u011fini alan di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle hemen hemen ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrede istikrarl\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemi yakalad\u0131. Ancak, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Malezya istikrar\u0131 yakalarken, bizzat kendi \u00e7abas\u0131yla ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlayarak ulus olarak bir \u00f6zg\u00fcven tazeledi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7evrelerde takdirle an\u0131lan bir \u00fclke konumuna geldi.<\/p>\n

Bu kararlar, ekonomi alan\u0131nda al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, temelde ard\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi iradenin olmas\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te en \u00f6nemli a\u015famay\u0131 te\u015fkil ediyordu. Bu bir anlamda, yerle\u015fik kurallara ve d\u00fczene kar\u015f\u0131 alternatif a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n olabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamas\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7ekiyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczen, ad\u0131na \u2018Washington Konsens\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019 denilen ve i\u00e7inde IMF, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve ABD Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n belirleyici oldu\u011fu ortodoks ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreten bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Malezya\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nem ortaya koydu\u011fu yenilik\u00e7i ekonomi politikalar, bir anlamda i\u015fte bu yap\u0131ya ra\u011fmen ve kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan tedbirlerden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fme Malezya\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmede kendi kararlar\u0131n\u0131 kendisi alabilece\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylece ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 per\u00e7inle\u015ftirebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu ekonomik kararlar\u0131n, Malezya halk\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi ise, belki ekonomik kazan\u0131mlardan daha da \u00f6nemli olarak, moral de\u011fer kazan\u0131m\u0131 olarak \u00f6nemli bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc de olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olup biten ekonomik alt-\u00fcst olu\u015fta, Bat\u0131 kapitalizminin spek\u00fclat\u00f6rler \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctmek istedi\u011fi politika, 80\u2019li ve 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n kalk\u0131nmakta olan Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu uluslar\u0131n\u0131, ad\u0131 serbest ticarete konu olan salt meta ile de\u011fil, buna il\u00e2ve olarak sermaye ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\/fikir ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 da ekleyerek bir t\u00fcr kontrol sa\u011flama te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin IMF yetkilileri, Malezya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer \u00fclkeler gibi krizi daha derinden ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrseler de, yaz\u0131n\u0131n geneline yay\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00fczere Dr. Mahathir, Malezya\u2019n\u0131n kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilecek bir ekonomik donan\u0131ma sahip oldu\u011funun fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bunun gere\u011fini yerine getirerek IMF ile yollar\u0131n\u0131 kesi\u015ftirmedi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a020.08.2018 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bir s\u00fcredir d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2508,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-malezya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2507","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2507"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2509,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2507\/revisions\/2509"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2508"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}