{"id":2326,"date":"2018-03-25T14:43:55","date_gmt":"2018-03-25T14:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=2326"},"modified":"2018-03-25T14:49:08","modified_gmt":"2018-03-25T14:49:08","slug":"osmanli-devleti-pan-islamizm-ve-belirsizlikler-ottoman-state-pan-islamism-and-vagueness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/osmanli-devleti-pan-islamizm-ve-belirsizlikler-ottoman-state-pan-islamism-and-vagueness\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Pan-\u0130slamizm ve Belirsizlikler \/ Ottoman State, Pan-Islamism and Vagueness"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a025.03.2018<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Pan-\u0130slamizm veya bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle ittihad-\u0131 \u0130slam, yani \u0130slam birli\u011fi kavram\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kadar, bu kavram\u0131n pratik olarak neye tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi meselesi \u00f6nemlidir. \u201cPan\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa dilleri men\u015feli olmas\u0131, bu kavram\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 devleti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda -ki \u00f6rne\u011fin Slav birli\u011fi anlam\u0131nda Pan-Slavizm veya Alman birli\u011fi ba\u011flam\u0131nda Pan-Germanizm gibi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6rnek verilebilir- i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 bir yere kaydetmek gerekiyor. Bu noktada, \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve devletlerini inceleme konusu yapman\u0131n Avrupa akademi ve entellekt\u00fcel d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ait bir olgu oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131ca durulmay\u0131 gerektirecek boyuttad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu kavramla, \u0130slamiyetin temel kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u015fekliyde, \u2018M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar birbirlerinin dostudur\u2019 d\u00fcsturunun referans etti\u011fi ilke veya ilkeler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn Pan-\u0130slamizme tekab\u00fcl edecek bir boyutu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bununla birlikte, kavram\u0131n tezah\u00fcr etti\u011fi toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n siyaset alan\u0131na denk gelmesi, konunun b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00f6tesinde siyaset d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu noktada, biraz k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de olsa \u015fu soruyu ortaya atmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn: Osmanl\u0131lar daha \u2018beylik\u2019 d\u00f6nemindeyken, kendi i\u00e7 birli\u011fini ve d\u00fczenini ve maddi geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fini ortaya koymas\u0131na parallel olarak \u2018d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma\u2019 veya \u2018yay\u0131lma\/geni\u015fleme\u2019 s\u00fcrecinde \u2018\u0130slam birli\u011fi\u2019 ilkesiyle hareket etmi\u015ftir denilebilir mi? Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda uzanan Bizans Devleti ile m\u00fccadelesinin \u0130slam inanc\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir y\u00f6nelim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. \u00d6te yandan, Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneyinde varl\u0131k s\u00fcren di\u011fer beyliklerle ili\u015fkiler ve zamanla bu beyliklere y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u2018birle\u015ftiricilik\u2019 olgusunu hayata ge\u00e7irme ile ilgili olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da sorulabilir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 devletinin Pan-\u0130slamizm kavram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sorgulanmaya de\u011fer bir di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 do\u011fu siyaseti ba\u011flam\u0131nda Safavi Devleti ile ilintilidir. Ancak burada Safavilerin \u00f6tesinde, g\u00fcneyde Meml\u00fckl\u00fc Devleti\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fiminin \u0130slam birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile daha yak\u0131ndan ilintili bir y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak gerek 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki ilk geni\u015fleme gerekse 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney politikalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirken, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc, siyasi yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, ekonomik zenginli\u011fi veya dini alanda sergiledi\u011fi yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fimcili\u011fi ile bir cazibe merkezi kabul edilip, di\u011fer \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u2018Pan-\u0130slamc\u0131\u2019 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle gerek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir co\u011frafi alanda gerekse daha b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131tasal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131 birli\u011fini sa\u011flama hedefini g\u00fcdecek bir a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ma yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda yay\u0131lma\/geni\u015fleme siyasetinin, bat\u0131da Balkanlar ve Do\u011fu Avrupa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde sergiledi\u011fi fetih\u00e7i politikalardan ayr\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6n\u00fc olmal\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bu noktada, Pan-\u0130slamizm olgusu ile ticaret yollar\u0131, siyasi h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k ve egemenlik ile co\u011frafi geni\u015fleme aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir ba\u011f veya ba\u011flant\u0131 oldu\u011fu sorusuna g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak sorularla \u00e7er\u00e7evelenmi\u015f yukar\u0131daki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, yine Avrupa merkezci bak\u0131\u015fla de\u011ferlendirilen ve ortaya at\u0131lan Pan-\u0130slam olgusunun Osmanl\u0131 devletinde tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l son \u00e7eyre\u011fine girilirken (1774), ad\u0131na K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Anla\u015fmas\u0131 denilen ve ilk toprak kayb\u0131yla an\u0131lan geli\u015fmedir. Bu toprak kayb\u0131n\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 siyasi ve b\u00fcrokrasi eliti \u00fczerinde uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkinin bir p\u00fcr siyasi ve askeri temelle ele al\u0131nmay\u0131p, d\u00f6nemin k\u00fcresel dini boyutuna tekab\u00fcl edecek bir alg\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Bu alg\u0131n\u0131n temelini de hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda (1517) Hicaz b\u00f6lgesi, yani Kutsal Topraklar \u00fczerinde hakimiyet sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla has\u0131l olan durumdur.<\/p>\n

Ancak burada, \u015fayet K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca\u2019ya yap\u0131lan referansdan hareketle Osmanl\u0131 devletinin, dini k\u00f6klerini daha \u00e7ok \u00f6n pl\u00e2na \u00e7\u0131kartmak suretiyle Pan-\u0130slamc\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve politikaya evrildi\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyorsa, burada da yine baz\u0131 sorular\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Osmanl\u0131 devletinin, Avrupa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ilk \u00f6nemli toprak kayb\u0131 olarak addedilen s\u00f6z konusu bu anla\u015fman\u0131n ertesinde siyasi ve askeri bir \u2018buhran\u0131n\u2019 e\u015fi\u011finde oldu\u011funu anlamas\u0131yla, bu buhran\u0131n giderek geni\u015fleyerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini \u2018\u00f6ng\u00f6rerek\u2019, bu \u2018maddi kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u2019 telafisi ve de tekrar\u0131 olmamas\u0131 ad\u0131na bir \u2018birlik\u2019 etraf\u0131nda kendini yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi bir sonuca tekab\u00fcl etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Somut olarak toprak kayb\u0131yla dillendirilen, ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde askeri ancak arka pl\u00e2n\u0131nda siyasi yap\u0131 ve yap\u0131la\u015fmadaki erozyona referans eden durum, sadece K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck, bu t\u00fcrden kay\u0131plar\u0131n ve \u2018hallerin\u2019 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l son \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren g\u00fcndeme gelmesi, olduk\u00e7a enteresan bir \u015fekilde yine Pan-\u0130slam kavram\u0131na ve politikalar\u0131na referans edilmesini g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. Oysa, benzer bir durumun, \u00f6rne\u011fin, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 boyunca Avrupa devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu ve \u2018haklar-h\u00fcrriyetler\u2019 ba\u011flam\u0131nda ne\u015fet eden talepler ve bu taleplerin Osmanl\u0131 siyasi ve toplumsal d\u00fczeninde do\u011furdu\u011fu yar\u0131lmalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u2018Pan-\u0130slam\u2019 kavram\u0131na dayanma ve yaslanma olgusundan bahsedilmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Buradan Osmanl\u0131 devletinde Pan-\u0130slam konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f beyan etmi\u015f Bat\u0131l\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve akademisyenlerden Landau\u2019nun bir Alman ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olan B. yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 referans, Pan-\u0130slam kavram\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman ve ne ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Landau\u2019nun bir di\u011fer referans\u0131 ise Anthony Reid\u2019in 1967 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan ve alan\u0131nda belki de en dikkat \u00e7ekici olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan makalesidir. Bununla birlikte, Jacob M. Landau\u2019nun (1992) Pan-\u0130slam kavram\u0131 ve bu kavram\u0131n somut vak\u2019alara atf\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeliyiz. Temelde, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, yukar\u0131da dile getirilen ve bir t\u00fcr Osmanl\u0131 toprak ve siyasi savunmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir durum olarak tezah\u00fcr etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcndemde getirildi\u011fi belirtilen bu politikan\u0131n -baz\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmakla birlikte- ba\u015far\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Yoksa K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak Osmanl\u0131 devletinin Bat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi teknolojilerin gerisinde kalmas\u0131na referansla anlamland\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan askeri yenilgileri, co\u011frafi daralma anlam\u0131na gelen toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131, siyasi n\u00fcfuzunun azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an b\u00fcrokrasideki yozla\u015fman\u0131n geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te giderek a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fcke d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Tam da bu noktada, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 1517\u2019de Kutsal Topraklar \u00fczerinde geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi yap\u0131la\u015fma ile k\u00fcresel ve fizik \u00f6tesi bir anlama b\u00fcr\u00fcnen siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra ve yine tam da bu d\u00f6neme denk gelen s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminin Hint Okyanusu ve \u00e7evresindeki geli\u015fmelerden hareketle neler olup bitti\u011fine bakmak gerekmektedir. Burada unutulmamas\u0131 gereken ve son derece ilgin\u00e7 husus, Hint Okyanusu\u2019ndaki Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n denizci milletlerinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci y\u00f6nelimlerle, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir evreye girerek Kutsal Topraklar \u00fczerine e\u011filmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu durum, bir yandan da Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik olarak, \u00f6rne\u011fin b\u00f6lgede s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin etkilerine maruz kalan \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n Kutsal Topraklar\u2019\u0131n hamili\u011fini \u00fcstlenen \u2018yap\u0131ya\u2019 kar\u015f\u0131 bir dini mesuliyetle hareket etmeleri olgusu s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

\u015eayet, Pan-\u0130slamizm kavram\u0131 modern bir kavram olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 devletinin Kutsal Topraklar hamili\u011fi ile k\u00fcresel \u0130slami bir nizam olarak telakki edilmesi g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f ise, o zaman konuya farkl\u0131 bir perspektiften bakmak gerekmektedir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bizatihi kendi siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan toprak kayb\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce k\u00fcresel bir geli\u015fmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, \u201cacaba hangi \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n hangi somut \u015fartlar ortam\u0131nda Pan-\u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini Osmanl\u0131 siyasi elitine yans\u0131tacak a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi\u201d \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemizi zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a025.03.2018 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Pan-\u0130slamizm veya bir ba\u015fka […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2332,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2326"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2333,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2326\/revisions\/2333"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}