{"id":2292,"date":"2018-02-25T11:25:11","date_gmt":"2018-02-25T11:25:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=2292"},"modified":"2018-02-25T11:32:44","modified_gmt":"2018-02-25T11:32:44","slug":"singapurun-200-kurulus-yildonumu-ve-thomas-stamford-raffles-200th-anniversary-of-singapore-island-and-thomas-stamford-raffles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/singapurun-200-kurulus-yildonumu-ve-thomas-stamford-raffles-200th-anniversary-of-singapore-island-and-thomas-stamford-raffles\/","title":{"rendered":"Singapur\u2019un 200. Kurulu\u015f y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc ve Thomas Stamford Raffles \/ 200th Anniversary of Singapore Island and Thomas Stamford Raffles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a025.02.2018<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131l Singapur Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funun 200. y\u0131l\u0131 kutlanacak. Bundan tam 199 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 6 \u015eubat\u2019ta Ada, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir yap\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle yeni bir y\u00f6netimle ve yeni bir anlam d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu Ada\u2019n\u0131n ser\u00fcveni \u00fczerinden, genel anlamda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, \u00f6zelde de \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle durulabilir. \u00d6yle ki, Ada\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu ve bug\u00fcne kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00e7, sanki bize herhangi bir insan toplumu taraf\u0131ndan mek\u00e2n ve yurt se\u00e7ilmedi\u011fi anlam\u0131nda bir yorum yapmaya sevk edebilir. Bununla birlikte, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, bug\u00fcn ad\u0131na Singapur Cumhuriyeti denilen Ada devletinin, bir ba\u015fka ada devleti yani, \u0130ngiliz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu denizlerinde ve buralar\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen kara par\u00e7alar\u0131nda sergiledi\u011fi ticarei, ekonomik ve hatta siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00fcndeme gelmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ada\u2019n\u0131n kurucusu unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Thomas Stamford Raffles, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Asya ve \u00f6zellikle de G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya b\u00f6lgesinde yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir isimdir. Gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge merkezinde katiplik d\u00fczeyinde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131k\u2019 d\u00f6neminin ard\u0131ndan Kalk\u00fcta, Penang, Java ve nihayetinde Singapur\u2019la ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge memuru olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir anlama sahiptir Raffles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Raffles, imparatorlu\u011fa hizmetini y\u00fcce bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k \u015fuuru ile yerine getiren bir memur olmakla kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00f6rece k\u0131sa s\u00fcren ya\u015fam s\u00fcresince ortaya koymu\u015f bir isimdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Raffles ad\u0131 Singapur\u2019la \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, onun \u00f6zellikle Penang Adas\u0131\u2019nda bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada A\u00e7e Dar\u00fcsselam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, Napolyon Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tak\u0131madalar\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ba\u015fkenti Batavia\u2019y\u0131 (Cakarta) be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca (1811-1816) y\u00f6netmesi, hem bu co\u011frafyalara b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izler hem de kendi ya\u015fam hik\u00e2yesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Raffles\u2019\u0131n Singapur Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemini 1816 y\u0131l\u0131nda ke\u015ffetmesinin hemen akabinde, yani 1819\u2019da Ada\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funu William Farquar ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Tabii burada, Ada\u2019n\u0131n \u2018ger\u00e7ek\u2019 kurucusunun Raffles m\u0131 yoksa Farquar m\u0131 oldu\u011fu noktas\u0131nda baz\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar oldu\u011funu da hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m. Burada dikkat \u00e7ekilmesi gereken bir husus, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin katip etti\u011fi siyasi yap\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 Penang Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kedah Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u2018al\u0131nmas\u0131nda\u2019 oldu\u011fu gibi, Singapur Adas\u0131\u2019da o d\u00f6nem Cohor-Riau ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bir ucu Malaya\u2019da di\u011fer ucu Do\u011fu Sumatra\u2019daki siyasi yap\u0131n\u0131n bir daha birle\u015fmemesine b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ile sonu\u00e7lanan s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bunun bir sonraki a\u015famas\u0131nda, 1824 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda aras\u0131nda imzalanan Londra Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey ve g\u00fcneyinin ayn\u0131 antropolojik ve sosyolojik yap\u0131n\u0131n unsurlar\u0131 olan toplumlar\u0131n birbirlerinden kopar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir safhaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu noktada, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yap\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik \u2018su\u00e7lay\u0131c\u0131\u2019 alg\u0131n\u0131n yerine, daha \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgedeki \u0130slami siyasi yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kendi i\u00e7lerindeki sorunlar, yalpalamalar ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fler tecr\u00fcbe ettikleri \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya sevk etmelidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Raffles\u2019\u0131n Ada\u2019daki valilik g\u00f6revi, sadece Ada\u2019n\u0131n aradan ge\u00e7en iki y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te kat etti\u011fi mesafedeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaz. Belki de bundan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemlisi, \u0130ngiliz imparatorlu\u011fu Do\u011fu Hint y\u00f6netimi merkezi Kalk\u00fcta\u2019y\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hint Okyanusu\u2019nu Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00fczerinden G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ne ba\u011flamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu su yollar\u0131, b\u00f6lgede 15 y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda zuhur eden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcreci \u00f6ncesinde sahip oldu\u011fu dinamik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ngiltere Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Hint Alt K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve bunu giderek teritoryal egemenlik sahas\u0131na yayarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesiyle farkl\u0131 bir evreye ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu su yollar\u0131, d\u00fcn sahip oldu\u011fu \u00f6neminden bir \u015fey kaybetmedi\u011fi ve bug\u00fcn dahi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7ler veya k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7 olma e\u011filimindeki yap\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan jeo-stratejik \u00f6nemine yap\u0131lan vurgularla ve pratiklerle ortaya konuldu\u011fu \u00fczere g\u00fcndemde yer i\u015fgal etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Buradan yeniden Raffles\u2019a d\u00f6necek olursak\u2026 Raffles\u2019\u0131n Singapur\u2019da karaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra ilk y\u00f6netim binas\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etti\u011fi yerdeki an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ad\u0131na kurulu yap\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bu s\u00f6m\u00fcrge memurunun bug\u00fcn dahi ad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ancak unutulmamas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir husus varsa, o da Raffles\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge memuru olarak bulundu\u011fu topraklardaki toplumlar\u0131n tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, do\u011fas\u0131, co\u011frafyas\u0131 gibi bir sosyal yap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan unsurlar\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm \u00f6zellikleriyle tan\u0131ma konusunda ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00e7abad\u0131r. \u2018S\u00f6m\u00fcrge eti\u011fi\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fim kavram ba\u011flam\u0131nda ve prati\u011finde \u00f6nemli bir yeri oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm Raffles, Singapur\u2019un kurulu\u015fuyla birlikte \u2018yerli elit ailelerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitim faaliyetini ba\u015flatmas\u0131\u2019, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesinin ard\u0131ndan onun ad\u0131na kurulan \u2018Raffles Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Bursu\u2019 gibi bir yap\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konmas\u0131yla s\u00fcreklilik arz etmi\u015ftir. Tabii, Raffles\u2019\u0131n \u2018yerli\u2019 derken, Malay M\u00fcsl\u00fcman y\u00f6netici kesiminin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitim vurgusu ve e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tohumlar\u0131n \u2018Malay M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan\u2019 daha \u00e7ok, zaman i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6lgenin ba\u015fat g\u00f6\u00e7men unsuru \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya muhta\u00e7 bir yan\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Raffles, \u201cal\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fckle\u201d yerli ailelerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi konusunu g\u00fcndeme getirirken, Ada\u2019n\u0131n zaman i\u00e7erisinde gerek Tak\u0131madalar b\u00f6lgesinde ve gerekse bug\u00fcn de g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi \u00fczere b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na sahip bir nitelik kazanmas\u0131nda kurucu bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Raffles, e\u011fitimin hangi kanallarla ve hangi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel donan\u0131mla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fine dair de temel hususlarda rol alm\u0131\u015f ve misyonerlik faaliyetlerine konu olan kurumlar\u0131n Ada\u2019da daha ilk y\u0131llardan itibaren faaliyet g\u00f6stermelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Burada dikkat \u00e7ekmek istedi\u011fim bir ba\u015fka husus ise, \u0130ngiliz deniz ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde Singapur\u2019la birlikte, ki bu Ada\u2019n\u0131n da tarihi, geleneksel ve do\u011fal ba\u011flamlarda i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Malaya\u2019n\u0131n neye tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi konusunda bilgi d\u00fczeyindeki yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klard\u0131r. Bunun, sadece d\u0131\u015farl\u0131kl\u0131larda de\u011fil, hatti zat\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz toplumunda da zuhur etti\u011fine dair referanslar bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Straits Times Weekly Issue\u2019nun 16 Temmuz 1884 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131nda yer alan bir makalede bu konuya de\u011finilerek, \u201cBo\u011faz Yerle\u015fimleri Kolonisi\u201d (Colony of Straits Settlements) ad\u0131 verilen bu b\u00f6lgenin \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi ve manevi t\u00fcm avantajlar aras\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa vurgu yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, Singapur Adas\u0131 k\u0131talararas\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 nedeniyledir ki, \u201cAlt\u0131n Yar\u0131mada\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u201c\u0130ngiliz Malayas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ada\u2019n\u0131n, bir yandan Avrupa ve Hindistan, \u00f6te yandan \u00c7in, Siam, Avustralya aras\u0131nda deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde bulunu\u015fu buran\u0131n ni\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir merkez oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a025.02.2018 \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131l Singapur Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funun 200. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2293,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-singapur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2292","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2292"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2292\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2296,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2292\/revisions\/2296"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2292"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2292"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2292"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}