Filipinler\u2019de yeni bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Filipinler devleti ile kom\u00fcnist gerilla hareketi ve onun siyasi kanad\u0131 kom\u00fcnist parti yetkilileri aras\u0131nda bug\u00fcn, yani 22 A\u011fustos\u2019da Norve\u00e7\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Oslo \u015fehrinde bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015fl\u0131yor. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere Norve\u00e7\u2019den \u00fcst d\u00fczey kat\u0131l\u0131m, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki bu siyasi krizi \u00e7\u00f6zme konusunda t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011ferleri gibi, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyece\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Norve\u00e7\u2019in 1986 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere de ev sahipli\u011fi yapmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda bir devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6steriyor. S\u00f6z konusu bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi, Ba\u015fkan Duterte\u2019nin \u00fclkedeki muhalif ve gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 veren t\u00fcm gruplarla sorunlar\u0131n halledilmesi konusundaki b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Toplumsal Bar\u0131\u015fa Do\u011fru<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu noktada, merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan bu yana varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren kom\u00fcnist partisi ve ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 gerilla hareketiyle bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine ba\u015flamas\u0131, \u00fclkede siyasi istikrar\u0131n tesisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda, bir \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde Moro \u0130slami Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi\u2019yle yap\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir devam\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yor. B\u00f6ylece hem Mindanao ve \u00e7evre adalardaki Malay M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kitle, hem de Luzon adas\u0131 g\u00fcneyi, Mindanao adas\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde faaliyet sergileyen kom\u00fcnist partisiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n genel anlamda \u00fclkede pozitif bir atmosfer olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131na ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>\n Luzon Adas\u0131 merkezli olarak 1969\u2019de kurulan kom\u00fcnist partisi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddete dayand\u0131rmas\u0131yla \u00fclke siyasal hareketleri i\u00e7erisindeki yerini ald\u0131. 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namazken, en son giri\u015fim yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nce Benigno Aquino\u2019nun devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015fti. O g\u00fcnlerde Aquino\u2019nun kabul etmedi\u011fi siyasi tutuklular\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn Duterte\u2019nin yerine getirmesi iki taraf\u0131n masaya oturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli \u015fart olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, yani ge\u00e7en Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc kom\u00fcnist hareketin iki \u00f6nemli liderinin cezaevinden sal\u0131verilmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn tek tarafl\u0131 ate\u015fkes karar\u0131na h\u00fck\u00fcmetten de benzer bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi. Liderlerin sal\u0131verilmesi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ate\u015fkes karar\u0131, iki taraf\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler \u00f6ncesinde s\u00fcrece olumlu bir ad\u0131m atmalar\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fkan Rodrigo Fakt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, daha 8 May\u0131s ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak, Filipinler devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rodrigo Duterte\u2019nin kom\u00fcnist gerilla hareketiyle masaya oturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 g\u00fcndemde \u00f6nemli bir yer i\u015fgal etmi\u015fti. Se\u00e7imlerin ard\u0131ndan Temmuz ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6revine aktif olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, konuyla ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ve giri\u015fimleriyle bu konuda ne kadar ciddi oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu. Ba\u015fkan\u2019\u0131n bu kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri \u00f6ncesinde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekici kararlar aras\u0131nda, yeni kabinede Sosyal ve Ekonomik Kalk\u0131nma ile Tar\u0131m Reformu bakanl\u0131klar\u0131na kom\u00fcnist aidiyetleriyle tan\u0131nan siyaset\u00e7ileri getirmesi oldu. Ard\u0131ndan, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle kom\u00fcnist gerillalar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu da olsa devam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonland\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik olarak \u2018ate\u015fkes\u2019 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ate\u015fkes s\u00fcreci i\u015fletilemedi.<\/p>\n \u015eimdi s\u0131ra, taraflar aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u2018pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u2019 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na geldi. Oslo g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin tarihin belirlenmesiyle, gerilla hareketinin iki lideri kar\u0131 koca Benito Tiamzon ve Wilma\u2019n\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, Filipinler devleti ad\u0131na iyi niyet g\u00f6stergesinin \u00f6tesinde bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131yor. Benito Tiamzon \u2018Filipinler Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019 ve partinin silahl\u0131 kanad\u0131 \u2018Yeni Halk Ordusu\u2019nun ba\u015fkan\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rken, e\u015fi Wilma parti genel sekreterli\u011fini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. Bu bu iki liderin sal\u0131verilmesi, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde oynayacaklar\u0131 varsay\u0131lan \u2018yap\u0131c\u0131\u2019 rolden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6nemli. Ayr\u0131ca, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde yirmi siyasi tutuklu da serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla birlikte, cezaevlerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 550 gerillan\u0131n bulunuyor. Ve bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin seyrine g\u00f6re bu mahkumlar\u0131n da serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelecek.<\/p>\n D\u00fcn\u00fc ve Bug\u00fcn\u00fcyle Kom\u00fcnist Partisi<\/strong><\/p>\n Tak\u0131madalar \u00fclkesi Filipinler\u2019de kom\u00fcnist ideolojinin, t\u0131pk\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer \u00fclkeler gibi \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bulunuyor. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemi, \u2018koyu\u2019 bir milliyet\u00e7ilik \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen Japon yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan gelen kapitalist \u00fcretim\/t\u00fcketim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri vb. Filipinler\u2019i bu anlamda di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan ise 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l son y\u0131llar\u0131 ile 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 boyunca Amerikan \u2018s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine\u2019 konu olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici \u00fclke slogan\u0131yla an\u0131lan Amerikan\u2019\u0131n, en az\u0131ndan G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya topraklar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda dile getirilecek olursa, b\u00f6lge s\u00f6m\u00fcrge tarihinde \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda ile bir arada tutulmasa da, b\u00f6ylesi bir \u2018kara\u2019 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi oldu\u011fu Filipinler \u00f6rne\u011finde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ancak ABD\u2019nin Tak\u0131madalarla ilintisi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda da devaml\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyor. Tabii, bununla birlikte, Rusya ve ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fanan devrimleri ve sonras\u0131nda b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerine yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 da dikkatlerden uzak tutmamak gerekir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, Filipinler kom\u00fcnist partisinin 1930\u2019larda k\u00f6k salmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan do\u011fan siyasi arenada kendine yer bulamamas\u0131 gerilla hareketine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n Filipinler\u2019de kom\u00fcnizm ideolojisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda, ABD s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi ve bu d\u00f6neme kar\u015f\u0131 verilen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi kadar, Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 modernle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131nda arzu edilen ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n yakalanamamas\u0131yla birlikte milyonlarca insan\u0131n yoksullukla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck. Bu anlamda, kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa versiyonun kli\u015fe haline gelmi\u015f sanayi devriminin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u2018geni\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\u2019ndan ziyade, yoksul ve \u00fcretim g\u00fcc\u00fcnde s\u00f6z sahibi ol\/a\/mayan geni\u015f tar\u0131m n\u00fcfusunun rol\u00fc bulunuyor. Buna paralel olarak, k\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7le okur-yazar\/zanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131k imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na sahip olmayan kitlelerin \u2018l\u00fcmpen\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek \u2018arada kalm\u0131\u015f\u2019 ya\u015famlar\u0131nda bir \u00fcmit veya en az\u0131ndan bir t\u00fcr \u2018var olu\u015f\u2019 imk\u00e2n\u0131 olarak kom\u00fcnist ideolojinin belirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, kom\u00fcnist gerilla hareketi \u015fehirlerde etkin olurken, ideolojisinin temellendirmede de k\u0131r toplum yap\u0131s\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. Bu toplumsal kesimlerin kom\u00fcnist partisiyle bulu\u015fmas\u0131nda, ku\u015fkusuz ki, 1965-1986 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten Ferdinand Marcos\u2019un \u00fcretti\u011fi rejimin etkisi es ge\u00e7ilemez. Kom\u00fcnist partisiyle bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin Marcos sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde g\u00fcndeme gelmesi de hem \u00fclkedeki siyasi ve ekonomik yap\u0131la\u015fma hem de b\u00f6lgesel ve de k\u00fcresel de\u011fi\u015fimlerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Liberal ekonomi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de olsa bir tar\u0131msal kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcreci, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerde ideoloji ve silah deste\u011finin giderek sona ermesi, ideolojik i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler partinin belirsizliklerle dolu bir s\u00fcrece girmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Yeni Bir D\u00f6neme Do\u011fru<\/strong><\/p>\n Eski Ba\u015fkan Aquino d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flat\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ve ard\u0131ndan yeni ba\u015fkan Duterte ile devam ettirilece\u011fi konusunda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sinyallerin verilmesi temelde Filipinler merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 gruplar ve bunlar\u0131 destekleyen sivil toplum kesimleriyle \u2018bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019 hedefledi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. \u00d6zellikle, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019de meydana gelen geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan \u2018ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele\u2019 olgusu k\u00fcresel bir boyuta \u00e7\u0131karken, ABD bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te kendine \u2018ittifak\u2019 bulmakta zorlanmad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da Filipinler geliyordu. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, kendisi i\u00e7in bir avantaja d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek isteyen h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 silahl\u0131 gruplarla m\u00fccadele s\u00f6ylemi ard\u0131ndan sivil \u00e7evreleri de hedef ald\u0131. Ancak 2010\u2019lardan itibaren Moro \u0130slami Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi ile anla\u015fma imzalanmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan kom\u00fcnist partisi ve uzant\u0131s\u0131 gerilla grubuyla bar\u0131\u015f masas\u0131na oturulmas\u0131, Filipinler merkezi y\u00f6netiminde \u2018ulusal g\u00fcvenlik\u2019 konseptinin yeni bir rotaya oturtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor. \u0130\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bir Filipinler\u2019in, \u00f6zellikle Aquino ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0131z kazanan kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131n k\u0131rsal aya\u011f\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yoksul kesimlere bir \u00fcmit a\u015f\u0131larken, toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n tesisinde de rol oynayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, i\u00e7 politikada aya\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam yere basan Filipinlerin, olas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f tehditler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f politikaya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmelerin y\u00f6nelimine g\u00f6re b\u00f6lgesel ve k\u00fcresel ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmeye konu\u015flanmas\u0131 beklenebilir.<\/p>\n