{"id":1294,"date":"2011-12-05T06:40:22","date_gmt":"2011-12-05T06:40:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=1294"},"modified":"2016-10-10T10:05:34","modified_gmt":"2016-10-10T10:05:34","slug":"cheng-ho-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/cheng-ho-2\/","title":{"rendered":"CHENG HO"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Mehmet \u00d6zay<\/a>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n

\u00c7\u0130N DONANMASI\u2019NIN M\u00dcSL\u00dcMAN T\u00dcRK AM\u0130RAL\u0130: CHENG HO (1371-1433)<\/h1>\n

Cheng Ho, 1405-1433 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yedi b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz yolculu\u011funun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, son d\u00f6nemde, Colombus\u2019dan \u00f6nce Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedip etmedi\u011fiyle de d\u00fcnya denizcilik bilimi \u00e7evrelerinin g\u00fcndemindedir. \u00d6zellikle 67 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki, eski bir \u0130ngiliz denizalt\u0131 subay\u0131 olan Gavin Menzies bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini, 15 y\u0131l\u0131 bulan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 biraraya getirdi\u011fi 1421: The Year China Discovered America<\/em> isimli 490 sayfal\u0131k kitab\u0131nda ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde ad\u0131na ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri kurulan \u00c7in\u2019li amiral Cheng Ho, aslen bir T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen[2]<\/a>, \u00fclkemizde hen\u00fcz tan\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. Daha geni\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan yararlan\u0131larak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan bu metinle Cheng Ho\u2019nun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki denizcilik camias\u0131na tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ailesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

As\u0131l ad\u0131 da Ma He (veya Ho) olan Cheng Ho, 1371 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in G\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Yunnan Eyaleti\u2019nde, Kunyang\u2019da (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Jinning\u2019de) bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi.[3]<\/a>[1]<\/a> \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda, San-pao t\u2019ai-chien olarak da bahsedilen Cheng Ho\u2019nun babas\u0131, Hac\u0131 Muhammed (Ma Ha-chih) veya bir ba\u015fka ifadeye g\u00f6re Kad\u0131 Ma ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in Saray\u0131nda E\u011fitilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

12 A\u011fustos 1382 tarihinde \u00c7in ordusunun bir sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda esir al\u0131nan Cheng Ho[3]<\/a>, di\u011fer erkek \u00e7ocuklar gibi had\u0131m edilerek \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Enderun\u2019u diyebilece\u011fimiz bir sistem i\u00e7erisinde saray e\u011fitimine tabi tutulmu\u015f ve kendisine sarayda yer bulmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra ba\u015fkent Beijing\u2019de\u00a0 (Forbidden City) harem a\u011fas\u0131 olarak sarayda hizmet vermi\u015ftir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Cheng bunun ard\u0131ndan \u0130mparatorluk \u00dcniversitesi olan Nanjing Taixue\u2019de \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fc.[5]<\/a>\u0130ki y\u0131l sonra o zamanlar Duke Yan unvan\u0131yla an\u0131lan Yung-lo\u2019nun mahiyetine se\u00e7ildi. Yung-lo ile birlikte \u00e7e\u015fitli sava\u015flara kat\u0131lan Ho, daha sonra Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olacak Nanjing\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck yararl\u0131klar g\u00f6sterdi.[6]<\/a> Bu sava\u015ftaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, sahip oldu\u011fu bilgi ve becerisi ile Ho\u2019ya, bizzat imparator Yung-lo taraf\u0131ndan (Imperial Household Agency) Cheng soy ismi verildi ve art\u0131k Cheng Ho olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130mparatorun Dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 ve Amiral Olu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

1403 il\u00e2 1424 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc imparatoru Yung-lo \u2019n\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, imparator taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7in donanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Amiral olarak atanm\u0131\u015f olan Cheng Ho, bu g\u00f6revi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar devam ettirmi\u015ftir.[8]<\/a> Cheng Ho, 1405-1433 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yedi b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz seferi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek suretiyle tarihte ilk ve son kez \u00c7in imparatorlu\u011funu Asya sular\u0131nda ve Okyanus\u2019ta rakipsiz bir konuma getirmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>Deniz Seferleri<\/a><\/h1>\n

Cheng Ho, 1405-1433 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Amirali olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yedi b\u00fcy\u00fck seyahat s\u0131ras\u0131nda 37 \u00fclkeyi ziyaret etmi\u015f ve G\u00fcney Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar gitmi\u015ftir. Avrupal\u0131 denizcilerden \u00f6nce \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu dola\u015fmak suretiyle Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu da \u00e7e\u015fitli eserlerde zikredilmektedir. \u00c7in Ansiklopedisini haz\u0131rlayan Dorothy Perkins, Cheng Ho\u2019nun \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019na kadar gitti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.[10]<\/a> Bu seferlerde Cheng Ho, Avrupa \u00fclkelerindeki donanmalar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu gemilerin toplam\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazla say\u0131da, yakla\u015f\u0131k 317 gemi ve 37.000 gemicinin y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Boachuan<\/em> ad\u0131ndaki efsanevi gemi Ming armadas\u0131n\u0131n \u201chazine gemisidir\u201d. Bu geminin, 122 metre uzunlu\u011funda, 52 metre geni\u015fli\u011finde, yani neredeyse bir bu\u00e7uk futbol sahas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olmas\u0131, d\u00f6nemin s\u00f6z konusu gemi teknik ve bilgisinin boyutlar\u0131 konusunda bir bilgi vermektedir.[11]<\/a> Seyahatler s\u0131ras\u0131nda Cheng Ho\u2019ya e\u015flik eden Sanbao, 24 adet harita \u00e7izerek bu anlamda d\u00fcnya denizcili\u011finin geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu seferler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1403 ila 1419 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Nanjing\u2019de 2000 gemi in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.[13]<\/a>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7izelgede donanmalar\u0131 ve filolar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda okyanuslara a\u00e7\u0131lan denizciler ve hemen yan\u0131nda da seyahat y\u0131llar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. \u00c7izelgenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u00fctununda ise seyahatlere i\u015ftirak eden gemi say\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u00fctunda ise m\u00fcrettebat say\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cheng Ho \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1405-1433)<\/p>\n

Columbus \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1492)<\/p>\n

Vasco da Gama \u00a0\u00a0(1498)<\/p>\n

Macellan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1521)<\/td>\n

48 il\u00e2 317<\/p>\n

3<\/p>\n

4<\/p>\n

5<\/td>\n

28.000<\/p>\n

90<\/p>\n

yakla\u015f\u0131k 160<\/p>\n

265<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

O d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131 Okyanus denilen co\u011frafyaya do\u011fru yap\u0131lan bu seferler, \u00fclkenin do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olan Nanking liman\u0131ndan ba\u015flard\u0131. Cheng Ho seferlerinin \u00e7o\u011funu, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc imparator Yung-lo d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu seferleri iki d\u00f6nemde ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn: Birincisi, 1405-1421 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda; ikincisi de 1421-1423 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sefer, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en g\u00f6rkemli donanma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ile di\u011ferlerinden ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu seferler vesilesiyle Cheng Ho\u2019n\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke ve b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda Aden (1418, 1421), H\u00fcrm\u00fcz (1414, 1421), Arabistan (Lasa) 1418, 1421), Do\u011fu Afrika (1418, 1421), Dhufar (1421) bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda Hac vesilesiyle Mekke\u2019ye gitti\u011fi de baz\u0131 kaynaklarda mevcuttur.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kangnido Haritas\u0131 (1402), Ho\u2019nun deniz seferlerinden \u00f6nce \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir ve \u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Ho, Eski D\u00fcnya hakk\u0131nda epeyce malumat sahibiydi. \u201cBat\u0131 Okyanus\u201d ad\u0131 verilen ve Cheng Ho\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffetti\u011fi yerler aras\u0131nda \u015funlar bulunmaktad\u0131r: Sumatra, Cava, Seylan, Hindistan, Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131 (hen\u00fcz kan\u0131tlanmad\u0131), \u0130ran K\u00f6rfezi Arabistan, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz (M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kadar), Mozambik Kanal\u0131\u2019na kadar olan Afrika sahilleri ve Tayvan (7 kez).[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Cheng Ho\u2019nun A\u00e7e\u2019yi Ziyareti<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7in ile Ortado\u011fu aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fi y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesine dayanan ticari ba\u011flant\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli kav\u015fak noktalar\u0131ndan biri Sumatra Adas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle de bu adan\u0131n kuzey ucu olmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcn A\u00e7e olarak bilinen bu co\u011frafya gerek jeo-stratejik gerekse de sahip oldu\u011fu ticari \u00fcr\u00fcnler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 ticaret merkezi olma unvan\u0131na sahipti.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131l son \u00e7eyre\u011finde \u00c7in\u2019de y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7iren Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck donanmaya sahipti. Bu donanman\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda amiral olarak yer alan Cheng Ho, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi seferler s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sumatra\u2019ya da u\u011frad\u0131. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Samudra-Pasai ile Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc imparatoru Cheng-Tsu (1403-1424) (Yung-lo) d\u00f6neminde ili\u015fkiler bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde devam etti ve iki devlet birbirlerine hediyeler g\u00f6nderdi. Bunun bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak \u00c7in\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc amirali Cheng Ho 1405, 1414 ve 1430 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kez Pasai\u2019yi ziyaret etti.[17]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bu seferlerden birinde, 1411 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cheng Ho, \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru\u2019nu hediyesi olarak Samudra-Pasai Sultan\u0131na bir \u00e7an hediye etti. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda A\u00e7e Darusselam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurucusu kabul edilen Ali Mughayat \u015eah, devletin hakimiyet alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek amac\u0131yla 1524 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pasai\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011finde, burada bulunan \u00e7an\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkent Banda A\u00e7e\u2019ye getirdi. Bu d\u00f6nemden itibaren bu \u00e7an \u201cCakra Donya\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Bir ba\u015fka kaynakta Cheng Ho\u2019nun A\u00e7e\u2019yi 1415\u2019de bir kez daha ziyaret etti\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Zeynel Abidin\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Nahrasih\u2019\u0131n tahtta bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu ziyareti konu alan Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kronikleri (1360-1643), 32. kitab\u0131nda, Cheng Ho\u2019nun bu seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan taht kavgalar\u0131na konu oldu\u011fu ve rakip bir grubun sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak, Samudra halk\u0131n\u0131n bu sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7in askerleri ile birlikte isyanc\u0131 gruba kar\u015f\u0131 koyduklar\u0131, grubun lideri \u0130skender\u2019i yakalanarak \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek idam edildi\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015flayacak b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fifler d\u00f6neminden yakla\u015f\u0131k 87 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir donanman\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Cheng Ho\u2019nun seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yan\u0131nda g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sekreteri ve ayn\u0131 zamanda, bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan Ma Huan, kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 seferle ilgili notlar\u0131 The Overall Survey of the Ocean\u2019s Shore<\/em> (Ying-yai Sheng lan<\/em>) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir kitapta yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma 1416 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1451\u2019de geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.[20]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Cheng Ho Amerika\u2019y\u0131 Ke\u015ffetti mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130ngiliz denizalt\u0131 subay\u0131 Gavin Menzies\u2019e g\u00f6re, Amiral Cheng Ho\u2019nun otuz bin ki\u015fiyi ta\u015f\u0131yan 300 gemiden olu\u015fan bir donanmayla, Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019in n\u00fcfuzunu geni\u015fletmek amac\u0131yla 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Menzies, Cheng Ho\u2019nun Cristopher Colombus\u2019dan yakla\u015f\u0131k 75 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek \u201cNe kadar cesur ve kararl\u0131 olurlarsa olsunlar Columbus, Dias, da Gama, Magellan, Cook ve di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131 ka\u015fifler izleyecekleri yollar\u0131n rotas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren haritalar yard\u0131m\u0131yla seyahatlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler.\u201d demek suretiyle sadece Columbus\u2019un de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda, di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131 denizciler i\u00e7in de ne denli \u00f6nemli bir yol haritas\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fini de ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

      \u00d6zellikle yeni \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle modern zamanlara giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00f6nemli bir kilometre ta\u015f\u0131 olan ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda Colombus\u2019un kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gemiler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Cheng Ho\u2019nun donanmas\u0131nda bulunan gemilerin gerek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri, gerekse ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 asker ve insan say\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli bir\u00a0 tarihi ger\u00e7ek olarak ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Cheng Ho \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde k\u00fcresel deniz seferleri d\u00fczenleyen Ming Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ke\u015ffedilip edilmemesi bir yana, s\u00f6z konusu bu seferler gerek kat ettikleri mesafe, gerek say\u0131s\u0131, gerek ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, belki de en dikkat \u00e7ekici y\u00f6n\u00fc, b\u00f6ylesine deniz yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek gerekli bilimsel alt yap\u0131ya sahip olunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sadece s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemi ilgilendirmekle kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki denizci uluslar \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek ve Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle devam edecek b\u00fcy\u00fck denizcilik ser\u00fcvenlerine kaynakl\u0131k etmesiyle de ili\u015fkilidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o d\u00f6nemde okyanuslara a\u00e7\u0131lan Bat\u0131l\u0131 denizcilerin gerek kulland\u0131klar\u0131 haritalar, gerekse yanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckleri Arap denizciler bu konuda k\u00fcresel bir bilgi birikiminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Vefat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Amiral Cheng Ho 1433 y\u0131l\u0131nda, altm\u0131\u015f iki ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, Afrika\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahat d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.[22]<\/a> Cheng Ho, her ne kadar, 1435 senesinde hayat\u0131n\u0131 denizde kaybetmi\u015f ve cenazesi denize verilmi\u015f ise de, Nanjing\u2019de onun an\u0131s\u0131na sembolik bir kabir in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

      [1]<\/a>Bu metnin ilk yay\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Bkz: \u201cCheng Ho (1371-1433)\u201d, Buletin Haba<\/em>, Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, No. 44, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 2007,\u00a0 Hal. 43-46.<\/p>\n

      [2]<\/a>Rozaria, Paul, Zheng He -And the Treasure Fleek (1405-1433)<\/em>, SNP Editions, 2005, Singapore, s. 36.<\/p>\n

      [3]<\/a>Viviano, Frank, 2005, China\u2019s Great Armada, National Geographic<\/em>, July, s. 34-36; Leslie, Daniel, Donald,<\/p>\n

      1986, Islam In Traditional China<\/em>: A Short History To 1800, Canberra College of Advanced Studies,<\/p>\n

      Avustralya, s. 85-108.<\/p>\n

      [1]<\/a>Viviano, Frank, 2005, China\u2019s Great Armada, National Geographic<\/em>, July, s. 34-36; Leslie, Daniel, Donald,<\/p>\n

      1986, Islam In Traditional China<\/em>: A Short History To 1800, Canberra College of Advanced Studies,<\/p>\n

      Avustralya, s. 85-108.<\/p>\n

      [2]<\/a> Leslie, a.g.e., s. 108.<\/p>\n

      [3]<\/a> Viviano, a.g.e., s. 36.<\/p>\n

      [4]<\/a> Perkins, Dorothy 1999, Encyclopedia of China <\/em>-The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture-,<\/p>\n

      Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago, s. 621.<\/p>\n

      [5]<\/a> http:\/\/www.en.wikipedia.com<\/a><\/p>\n

      [6]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/go\/pr\/fr\/-\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/4593717.stm<\/p>\n

      [7]<\/a> SaudiAramco World<\/em>, \u201cThe Admiral Zheng He\u201d, July\/August 2005, s. 45.<\/p>\n

      [8]<\/a> Chang, Yusuf Haji, \u201cA Ming Emperors\u2019s Well-kept Secret\u201d, Al-Nahdah -Muslim News and Views-<\/em>,<\/p>\n

      July\/December 1998, Kuala Lumpur, s. 56.<\/p>\n

      [9]<\/a>\u00a0 Hucker, O., Charles, 1975, China\u2019s Imperial Past<\/em>, Stanford University Press, Stanford., s. 291.<\/p>\n

      [10]<\/a> Perkins, a.g.e., s. 621.<\/p>\n

      [11]<\/a> Viviano, a.g.e., s. 35.<\/p>\n

      [12]<\/a>http:\/\/www.easc.indiana.edu\/pages\/easc\/curriculum\/china\/1996\/EACPWorkBook\/gift\/intro.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

      [13]<\/a> Fairbank, 1994., a.g.e., s. 137.<\/p>\n

      [14]<\/a> http:\/\/www.international.ucla.edu\/print.asp?parentid=10387<\/a><\/p>\n

      [15]<\/a>Gladney, C., Dru, 1991, Muslim Chinese<\/em> –Ethnic Nationalism in the People\u2019s Republic<\/em>, Council On East<\/p>\n

      Asian Studies, Harvard University, s. 379.<\/p>\n

      [16]<\/a> http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zheng_He<\/a><\/p>\n

      [17]<\/a>Hadi, Amir\u2019ul, 2004, Islam and State in Sumatra A Study of Seventeenth Century Aceh-<\/em>, Brill, Leiden, s. 17.<\/p>\n

      [18]<\/a>Arif, A., Kemal, 2006, Ragam Citra Kota Banda Aceh \u2013Interpretasi Terhadap Sejarah, Memori Kolektif Dan Arketipe Arsitekturnya-, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung, s. 113.<\/p>\n

      [19]<\/a>Alfian, T. \u0130brahim, Ratu Nahrasiyah, 1994, in Prominent Women In the Glimpse of History<\/em> (Wanita Utama Nusantara -Dalam Lintsan Sejarah<\/em>), Ismail Sofyan, M. Hasan Basry, T. \u0130brahim Alfian, (Ed.), First Edition, Jakarta Agung Ofset, s. 20.<\/p>\n

      [20]<\/a> Hall, D. G. E., 1987, A<\/em> History of South-East Asia<\/em>, 4th Edition, Macmillan Asian Histories Series, London, s.<\/p>\n

      103.<\/p>\n

      [21]<\/a> Menzies, Gavin, 2003, 1421 The Year China Discovered America<\/em>, William Morrow,\u00a0 New York, p. 388.<\/p>\n

      [22]<\/a> http:\/\/www.time.com<\/a><\/p>\n

      [23]<\/a> Leslie, a.g.e., s. 108.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Dr. Mehmet \u00d6zay[1] \u00c7\u0130N DONANMASI\u2019NIN M\u00dcSL\u00dcMAN T\u00dcRK AM\u0130RAL\u0130: CHENG HO (1371-1433) Cheng Ho, 1405-1433 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yedi b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz yolculu\u011funun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, son d\u00f6nemde, Colombus\u2019dan \u00f6nce Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedip etmedi\u011fiyle de d\u00fcnya denizcilik bilimi \u00e7evrelerinin g\u00fcndemindedir. \u00d6zellikle 67 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki, eski bir \u0130ngiliz denizalt\u0131 subay\u0131 olan Gavin Menzies bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini, 15 y\u0131l\u0131 bulan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,20,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cheng-ho-gunluk-yazilar","category-cin","category-gunluk-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1294"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1295,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1294\/revisions\/1295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}