{"id":1220,"date":"2013-05-21T01:46:00","date_gmt":"2013-05-21T01:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8080\/ini\/?p=114"},"modified":"2013-05-21T01:46:00","modified_gmt":"2013-05-21T01:46:00","slug":"papua-ya-da-elli-yllk-mucadele-papua-of","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/papua-ya-da-elli-yllk-mucadele-papua-of\/","title":{"rendered":"Papua Ya Da Elli Y\u0131ll\u0131k M\u00fccadele \/ Papua Of Fifty Year-Struggle"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                                  20 May\u0131s 2013  <\/b><\/p>\n

After the New York Treaty in 1963, Papua was regarded as one of the provinces of Indonesia. And almost since the never ending discussion on how to \u2018Indonesianization\u201d of Papuanists have been continuously repeated. Throughout this process, it is not wrong to remark that the Papuanists have been looking for the attainment to be recognized to be as equal community like the others in other parts of the country. Hence, the region seems to remain intact to 5K such as health, poverty, illiteracy, violence and unfairness, as mentioned in Indonesian language. Some quarter draws affinity between Papua and Aceh and some argues there must be same peace process experienced in signing MoU Helsinki on 15th August, 205 between GAM and Central Government of Indonesia.<\/b><\/div>\n

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Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin 33 Eyaleti\u2019nden biri olan Papua aradan ge\u00e7en elli y\u0131la ra\u011fmen sorunlar\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015fmaya devam ediyor. Modern Papua\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lge ve d\u00fcnya siyasetindeki yeri, bundan elli y\u0131l \u00f6nce Endonezya topraklar\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131yla g\u00fcndeme geldi. O g\u00fcn bug\u00fcnd\u00fcr Papual\u0131lar\u0131n  bu koca devletin merkez g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle ili\u015fkisi hep sorunlu olageldi. <\/div>\n
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II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre Hollanda\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kalan, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in dokuz ay gibi k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine y\u00f6netimi \u00fcstlendi\u011fi ve ard\u0131ndan New York Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Endonezya\u2019ya devredilen Papua\u2019n\u0131n bu koca devlet i\u00e7erisinde ne gibi bir rol \u00fcstlendi\u011fi belirginlik kazanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. Bir yanda s\u00f6zde referandumla 1963\u2019de Endonezya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 teyid edilen, ard\u0131ndan Suharto sonras\u0131 reform d\u00f6neminin hareketli ge\u00e7en ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda otonom b\u00f6lge stat\u00fcs\u00fc verilen Papua\u2019da \u015fiddet bitmek bilmiyor. Endonezya\u2019ya devredili\u015finin ellinci y\u0131l\u0131na girildi\u011fi bu g\u00fcnlerde Papua halk\u0131 -en az\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc- merkezi y\u00f6netimle rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir kez daha g\u00fcndeme getirme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulurken, Merkez\u2019de sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve bir k\u0131s\u0131m siyasiler de Papual\u0131lar\u0131n ni\u00e7in \u2018Endonezyal\u0131la\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\u2019 masaya yat\u0131r\u0131yor. <\/div>\n
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Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminden modern Endonezya y\u00f6netimine devredilen bu topraklar\u0131n halklar\u0131, siyasi geleceklerini belirleyen bu de\u011fi\u015fimin kendilerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 her f\u0131rsatta dile getirdiler. Ve b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fanan toplumsal rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, polis ve ordu birliklerinin siviller \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu bask\u0131n\u0131n devam edi\u015fi de zaten bu tarihsel referans\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc izleri mesabesinde. 1963 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u2018yu\u015fumak transferin\u2019 ard\u0131ndan, Papual\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talepleri 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Papua \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Hareketi\u2019nin faaliyetlerine neden oldu. Ancak bu hareketin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerel d\u00fczeyde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, gerek yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan kapasitesi gerekse maddi \u00f6zellikleri noktas\u0131nda Endonezya ordusuna meydan okuyacak bir nitelik arz etmedi\u011fi gibi, uluslararas\u0131 camiadan da bu anlamda kayda de\u011fer bir destek buldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek zor. Nedeni son derece a\u00e7\u0131k… Bu siyasi iti\u015f kak\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda, nihayetinde tabiir caizse Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n kuca\u011f\u0131na at\u0131lan Papua, New York Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na \u2018uygun\u2019 bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lan referandumda halk\u0131n kahir ekseriyetinin Endonezya\u2019ya siyasi ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir sonucun \u00e7\u0131k\/art\u0131l\/mas\u0131yla bug\u00fcne kadar uzanacak problemlerle y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Bu vecheden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Hint Okyanusu ile Pasifik Okyanusu aras\u0131nda uzanan toprak par\u00e7as\u0131nda meskun olan bu halk d\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de adaleti ar\u0131yor. Aradan ge\u00e7en elli y\u0131la ve bu ra\u011fmen, Papual\u0131larla merkez siyasi elit ve de geni\u015f Endonezya toplumu aras\u0131nda bir toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemiyor maalesef. Ve bunun ifadesi olarak da, ad\u0131na \u2018be\u015f k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck\u2019 yani, Endonezyaca ifade edilen kelimelerden hareketle 5K olarak bilinen ve neredeyse darb\u0131mesel olmu\u015f \u2018yoksulluk, cehalet, adaletsizlik, sa\u011fl\u0131k problemleri ve \u015fiddet\u2019 olgular\u0131n\u0131n Papual\u0131larla ve Papuayla birlikte an\u0131lmas\u0131 bir kan\u0131t olarak ortaya konuluyor. <\/div>\n
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Merkez y\u00f6netimin kendilerine y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 her f\u0131rsatta dile getiren Papual\u0131lar, zaman\u0131nda Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesine kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerinin de m\u00fccadele ettiklerini, \u015fayet bu topraklarda emperyalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 bir m\u00fccadeleden s\u00f6z edilecekse bunda kendilerinin \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde paylar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 dile getiriyorlar. Bu nedenledir ki, d\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeden \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme\u2019 ad\u0131na verilen m\u00fccadeleden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bu topraklar \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan di\u011fer halklarla \u2018birlik\u2019 i\u00e7inde kabul edilirken, bug\u00fcn merkez denilen birtak\u0131m g\u00fc\u00e7lerin egemenli\u011findeki rejim kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, ad\u0131na \u2018entegrasyon\u2019 denilen olgunun kurban\u0131 olmaya devam ediyorlar. Bunun pratikteki yans\u0131mas\u0131, merkezden g\u00f6nderilen y\u00f6neticilerin kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 etnik unsura mensup halka hizmet olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bir ba\u015fka \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylenirse, bu y\u00f6netici elitin, merkezde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lan politikalar\u0131n etnik topluluklar\u0131 \u015fekillendirmesinde sadece arac\u0131 rol\u00fc oynamaktan ba\u015fka bir i\u015flevleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleniyor.<\/div>\n
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Papua sorununa dair kaleme al\u0131nan metinlerde, gerek s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminde Papual\u0131lar ile Hollandal\u0131lar gerekse modern d\u00f6nemde Endonezya merkezi y\u00f6netiminin Papua halk\u0131 \u00fczerindeki siyasi ve askeri \u2018tasarruflar\u0131\u2019 ba\u011flam\u0131nda A\u00e7e\u2019nin tecr\u00fcbeleriyle benzerlikleriyle g\u00fcndeme getiriliyor. \u00d6zellikle on y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, Papua sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulma konusundaki giri\u015fimler bu siyasi sorunu A\u00e7e sorunuyla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme e\u011filimi g\u00f6steriyor. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Abdurrahman Vahid (Gusdur)\u2019in b\u00f6lgenin ad\u0131n\u0131n Papua olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ve yerli halk\u0131n kendi bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesine s\u0131cak bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kamuoyuyla payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ulusal mecliste ilgili \u00e7evreler Vahid\u2019in A\u00e7e ve Irian Jaya gibi ulusal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tehdit eden eyaletlerdeki geli\u015fmeleri \u2018anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde deme\u00e7lerle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriyorlard\u0131. 15 A\u011fustos 2005 Helsinki Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019ye kazand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunularak Papua\u2019da da benzer bir s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flat\u0131labilece\u011fine g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131l\u0131yordu -ki bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00fcndemde. Bu minvaldeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler sadece akademisyen, insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131 vb. taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00fclkenin resmi ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumu LIPI\u2019n\u0131n 2003\u2019de ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda; Helsinki Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131nan sadece bir g\u00fcn sonra devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono\u2019nun Papua sorununa dair verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te; Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019ce Papua sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmeye matuf kurulan komisyonda A\u00e7e\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelen insan haklar\u0131 savunucu
\nsu ve sivil aktivistlerinden birinin yer almas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/div>\n
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Papual\u0131lar\u0131n \u2018Endonezyal\u0131la\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131na\u2019 dair s\u00f6ylemin bir taraf\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fanan baz\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelerin de rol\u00fc yok denemez. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nda uzanan yerli d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendiriliyordu. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, kendilerini Malay-Endonezya topraklar\u0131nda ne\u015fet eden k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere mesafeli bulan, hatta yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6ren ve bu nedenle  bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc Malay\/Endonezya aidiyetini geli\u015ftirememelerinin de modern d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7erisinde bir fakt\u00f6r olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. \u00d6te yandan, Sukarno d\u00f6neminde (1963) \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131 diyebilece\u011fimiz uzak adalarda kontrol\u00fcn ancak ordunun m\u00fcdahalesiyle sa\u011flanmas\u0131 yoluna gidilmesi ve Suharto iktidar\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u2018haklar\u2019 talep eden etnik unsurlar \u00fczerinde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 militarizasyon politikas\u0131 merkez g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Papua \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi uygulamalarda bir \u2018devaml\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor.<\/div>\n
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Son elli y\u0131lda Papua\u2019l\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 sembolik olarak ortaya koyacak bir\u015fey varsa, o da bu topraklar\u0131n ismi \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerdir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminde Bat\u0131 Yeni Gine veya Hollanda Yeni Ginesi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu topraklar\u0131n Endonezya\u2019ya devriyle, \u00f6nce Bat\u0131 Irian Eyaleti ad\u0131n\u0131; Suharto d\u00f6neminde Irian Jaya ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Bunun ard\u0131ndan yani, 1999\u2019da Papua olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. 2003\u2019deki Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Y\u00f6nergesiyle Papua \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6netim birimine ayr\u0131larak Orta Irian Jaya, Bat\u0131 Irian Jaya ve Irian Jaya eyaletlerine ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 eyalet ger\u00e7ekte Papua ve Bat\u0131 Irian Jaya -ki, daha sonra yeniden Bat\u0131 Papua\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f- olarak iki eyalet \u015feklinde idari sisteme ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
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Papual\u0131lar\u0131n kendi kendilerini y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131n\u0131 taleplerinde \u00f6nlerine \u00e7\u0131kan problemlerden bir di\u011feri de bu topraklarda hayat s\u00fcren etnik unsurlar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011funda aranabilir. Tam rakamlar kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte iki y\u00fcz ila \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen etnik grup bulunuyor. Bu kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da etnik unsuru bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 bu topraklarda siyasi hakimiyet m\u00fccadelesinin de karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131nda ba\u015fat bir rol oynuyor hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki. Bu kadar \u00e7ok akt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir yap\u0131da kimin, hangi grubun liderlik yapaca\u011f\u0131, merkez g\u00fc\u00e7lerle hangi siyasi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler noktas\u0131nda masaya oturaca\u011f\u0131 gibi sorular g\u00fcndemde yer al\u0131yor. Bu etnik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik bir yandan merkez g\u00fcc\u00fcn yani, Cakarta y\u00f6netiminin b\u00f6lge \u00fczerinde arzu etti\u011fi politikalar\u0131 tasarrufunda i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir fakt\u00f6r \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131rken, Papua m\u00fccadelesinde de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi birlikteli\u011fin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc almaktad\u0131r. Kimi g\u00f6zlemcilerin ifade etti\u011fi \u00fczere Papua toplumundaki bu par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, merkez idare verdi\u011fi s\u00f6zleri yerine getirmeme alternatifini kullanarak, her kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta sorunu g\u00fcvenlik ekseninde alg\u0131lay\u0131p askeri yollarla \u00e7\u00f6zmek istiyor. Bu nedenledir ki, Papua\u2019da \u015fiddet g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi kabul ediliyor.  <\/div>\n
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Ne sebeple olursa olsun \u015fiddetin s\u00fcreklilik arz etmesi, b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan topluluklar nezdinde -zaten ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri ne kadar kuruldu\u011fu da \u015f\u00fcpheli olan- merkeze g\u00fcveni zedelemeye matuf olmakta ve birlik i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir m\u00fccadeleye sahne olmasa da ho\u015fnutsuz kitlelerin \u2018idareye\u2019 kafa tutmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Tabii burada t\u00fcm -\u015fayet varsa- su\u00e7u yerli unsurlara y\u00fcklemek gibi bir yakla\u015f\u0131mdan ziyade, \u00f6zellikle s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde belirgin bir \u015fekilde icra edildi\u011fi \u00fczere d\u0131\u015farl\u0131kl\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlerin yerli halklar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\/y\u00f6net politikalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n modern d\u00f6nemde de gerek ulusal g\u00fc\u00e7ler gerekse uluslararas\u0131 odaklar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcndemde tutuldu\u011funu unutmamak gerekir. <\/p>\n

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http:\/\/www.dunyabulteni.net\/<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                                  20 May\u0131s 2013   After the New York Treaty in 1963, Papua was regarded as one of the provinces of Indonesia. And almost since the never ending discussion on how to \u2018Indonesianization\u201d of Papuanists have been continuously […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-endonezya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1220"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1220\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}