{"id":1064,"date":"2012-05-11T02:23:00","date_gmt":"2012-05-11T02:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8080\/ini\/?p=311"},"modified":"2012-05-11T02:23:00","modified_gmt":"2012-05-11T02:23:00","slug":"siyasi-haya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/siyasi-haya\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u0130YAS\u0130 HAYAT"},"content":{"rendered":"

“A\u00e7e: Bar\u0131\u015f Kap\u0131s\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eserimizde yer alan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde k\u0131saca, Endonezya Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te A\u00e7e’nin ve A\u00e7elilerin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 role de\u011finiyoruz.<\/h1>\n
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ENDONEZYA BA\u011eIMSIZLIK M\u00dcCADELES\u0130NDE A\u00c7E\u2019N\u0130N ROL\u00dc<\/h1>\n
500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olan A\u00e7e \u0130slam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda (1903) tarihe kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, A\u00e7e\u2019de yeni d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131. Bununla birlikte, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019deki hakimiyeti baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te A\u00e7e\u2019de halk\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc konumundaki ve 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda Davud Beureueh taraf\u0131ndan kurulan A\u00e7e Alimler Birli\u011fi (PUSA-Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh<\/i>) adl\u0131 kurulu\u015fta biraraya gelen dini liderler, Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerini yer yer devam ettirdiler ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri oldular. Bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 sadece A\u00e7e\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Endonezya Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019nda Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 verilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesine verdikleri destekle de g\u00f6sterdiler. Japonlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeyi terk etmelerinin ard\u0131ndan Hollanda yeniden Endonezya Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019nda hakimiyet kurmay\u0131 pl\u00e2nl\u0131yordu. 1945-49 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Tak\u0131madalar\u2019da Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n giremedi\u011fi ve tam anlam\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan tek b\u00f6lge A\u00e7e\u2019ydi. <\/div>\n
A\u00e7elilerin, Cava\u2019da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen Hollanda kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 milli m\u00fccadeleye gerek insan gerek mali destek sa\u011flanmas\u0131 konusunda da b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu.[1]<\/a>Bu i\u015fbirli\u011finin \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenleri vard\u0131r. Birincisi, A\u00e7e\u2019nin de facto<\/i> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, verdikleri m\u00fccadele ve sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 maddi yard\u0131m Cava milliyet\u00e7ilerine ilham ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. \u00d6te yandan, Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n Cava\u2019da yeniden hakimiyet tesis etmeleri, k\u0131sa vadede A\u00e7e\u2019nin yeniden Hollandal\u0131lar eline ge\u00e7mesine yol a\u00e7abilecekti. A\u00e7elilerin, Endonezya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde oynad\u0131klar\u0131 bu rol nedeniyledir ki, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurucu babalar\u0131, A\u00e7e\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 minnet bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nemin A\u00e7e y\u00f6netiminin toplumsal, ekonomi ve siyaset alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6zerklik taleplerini dikkate alacaklar\u0131na s\u00f6z verdiler. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te A\u00e7eli liderleri, 17 A\u011fustos 1945 tarihinden il\u00e2n edilen Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Cakarta\u2019daki siyasi geli\u015fmelere kar\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131 ve geli\u015fmeleri uzaktan izlemeyi tercih ettiler. Cakarta y\u00f6netimi, 1945-49 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Davud Beureueh, A\u00e7e\u2019nin sivil ve askeri valisi kabul etti.[2]<\/a> BM\u2019nin de deste\u011fiyle 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollanda, Endonezya Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131yla kurulan yeni devletin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Bunun \u00fczerine, siyasal anlamda g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanan Cakarta y\u00f6netimi, A\u00e7elilere verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc yerine getirmedi. Cakarta\u2019dan g\u00f6nderilen sivil y\u00f6neticilerle merkeziyet\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131ma ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve verdikleri s\u00f6zleri unuttuklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koydular. Bu geli\u015fme A\u00e7e\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep oldu. <\/div>\n
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Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sonras\u0131 A\u00e7e\u2019de Siyasal Geli\u015fmeler<\/b><\/div>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n il\u00e2n edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Cava y\u00f6netimi, Endonezya adalar\u0131ndaki di\u011fer halklar\u0131 \u2018Endonezyal\u0131\u2019 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirme gayreti g\u00fcderken, ekonomik ve siyasal anlamda da bask\u0131 rejimine tabi tutmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dclkenin \u00f6nemli siyasal partilerinden olan Endonezya Milliyet\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin (PNI) ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en Sukarno bu y\u00f6ndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131. Sek\u00fcler bir anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olan Cakarta y\u00f6netimi, A\u00e7e \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri ve e\u011fitim sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
1951 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir kanunla eyalet stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131larak yeni kurulan Kuzey Sumatra Eyaleti\u2019ne ba\u011flanmas\u0131 karar\u0131 \u00fczerine A\u00e7eliler 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda, PUSA \u00f6nderli\u011finde, merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmete isyan hareketi ba\u015flatt\u0131. A\u00e7e halk\u0131n\u0131n, Kuzey Sumatra Eyaleti\u2019ne ba\u011flanmay\u0131 reddetmesinin nedeni, bu b\u00f6lgede Batak ad\u0131yla bilinen ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak H\u0131ristiyan dinine mensup halkla hi\u00e7bir ortak tarihi ba\u011f\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 yatar.[3]<\/a>A\u00e7e\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ismi ve devrim \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden olan Davud Beureueh, Cakarta H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 olmas\u0131 teklifini reddederek geli\u015fmeleri izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[4]<\/a>Beureueh, bu d\u00f6nemde Cakarta siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131nda etkin rol alan Masyumi[5]<\/a>adl\u0131 siyasal \u0130slamc\u0131 partiyle yak\u0131nl\u0131k kurdu. Masyumi\u2019nin merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerde \u00f6nemli roller almas\u0131 nedeniyle, A\u00e7e\u2019de herhangi bir \u015fiddet hareketine giri\u015filmedi. 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda, merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin A\u00e7e\u2019ye verilen s\u00f6z\u00fc tutmayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, A\u00e7eli liderler Orta Cava\u2019da ba\u015flayan Darul \u0130slam Hareketi[6]<\/a>ile temasa ge\u00e7tiler.[7]<\/a>1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cakarta y\u00f6netiminin askeri birlikleri A\u00e7e\u2019ye g\u00f6ndermesiyle, 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1953 tarihinde Beureueh ve A\u00e7e Alimler Konseyi (PUSA), bir \u0130slam beldesi olan A\u00e7e\u2019de yeni cumhuriyetin ideolojisi olan be\u015f ilkeden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil Panca Sila<\/i>\u2019y\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n ederek[8]<\/a>A\u00e7e halk\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00f6lgedeki askeri birliklerin deste\u011fi ile \u0130slam devleti il\u00e2n ederek m\u00fccadeleyi k\u0131rsalda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[9]<\/a>Ordunun b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bizzat ordu yetkililerinin 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda A\u00e7e ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yanl\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmalar\u0131na kadar devam etti. Merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetle anla\u015fmalar 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda A\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00d6zel B\u00f6lge Stat\u00fcs\u00fc (Daerah Istimewa<\/i>) verildi. 1961\u2019de imzalanan anla\u015fma ile y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.[10]<\/a>Bu sayede A\u00e7e, din, yasa ve e\u011fitim konusunda \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmu\u015f, \u00d6zel B\u00f6lge Stat\u00fcs\u00fc 1976\u2019ya de\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ancak A\u00e7e\u2019ye verilen otonom yap\u0131 A\u00e7e\u2019yi Endonezya\u2019ya ba\u011flarken, Cakarta\u2019daki siyasal geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak A\u00e7e \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar da devam etti.<\/div>\n
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[1]<\/a>Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, The Republican Revolt -A Study of The Acehnese Rebellion-<\/i>, s. 1; C. Van Dijk, Rebellion Under The Banner of Islam -The Darul Islam in Indonesia-<\/i>, The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff, 1981, s. 286.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[2]<\/a>Nazaruddin, a.g.e., s. 27. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[3]<\/a> Martinkus, s. 55.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[4]<\/a> A.g.e., s. 50.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[5]<\/a>17 A\u011fustos 1945 tarihinde Endonezya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u00e2n edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminde yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olan siyasi parti kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki temel engel a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Yeni kurulan cumhuriyet, siyasi partilerin kurulmas\u0131 ile halk\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k konusundaki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle siyasi partilerin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131d\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede pek \u00e7ok siyasi partinin kuruldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde kurulan tek \u0130slam partisi Masyumi\u2019dir. K\u00f6keni 1942 y\u0131l\u0131na uzanan Masyumi<\/i> (Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims), Endonezya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc olan \u0130slami renklere sahipbir siyasi harekettir. Masyumi\u2019nin siyasal partiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, 7 Kas\u0131m 1945 tarihinde Endonezya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00dcmmet Kongresi\u2019nde kurulmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Kongre\u2019de al\u0131nan kararlar \u015f\u00f6yledir: <\/div>\n
a)       Endonezya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00dcmmet Partisi (Masjumi: Majlis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia \u00ad\u00adad\u0131nda bir \u0130slamc\u0131 partinin kurulmas\u0131; <\/div>\n
b)       Masyumi, \u00fclkedeki tek \u0130slamc\u0131 siyasi partidir ve Masyumi\u2019den ba\u015fka \u0130slamc\u0131 parti kurulmayacakt\u0131r. <\/div>\n
c)       Masyumi, Endonezya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n siyaset sahnesinde kaderinin belirlenmesinde rol oynayacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Partinin ilk genel ba\u015fkan\u0131 1949 ve 1958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Muhammed Natsir oldu. Natsir\u2019in amac\u0131 parti vas\u0131tas\u0131yla dava hareketinin devam etmesidir. (Bkz.: Arif Hizbullah Sualman, Muhammad Natsir (1908-1993): His Role in the Development of Islamic Da\u2019wah in Indonesia<\/i>, International Islamic University Malaysia, 1995, s. 92-3-4; Muhammad Asyari, The Rise of the Masjumi Party in Indonesia and The Role of the \u2018Ulama\u2019 in its Early Development (1945-1952)<\/i>, MA Thesis, Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal, October, 1976, s. 54; Harry J. Benda, The Crescent and The Rising Sun -Indonesian Islam Under the Japanese Occupation 1942-1945<\/i>, W. Van Hoeve Ltd, The Hague and Bandung, 1958, s. 151-2)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[6]<\/a>Darul \u0130slam hareketi\u2019nin k\u00f6keni, Kartosowirjo\u2019nun, Endonezya\u2019da \u0130slam devleti kurma iddias\u0131n\u0131 ilk olarak 14 A\u011fustos 1945 tarihinde g\u00fcndeme getirmesine dayan\u0131r. Ancak, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n il\u00e2n edildi\u011fi 17 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurucu babalar\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine vararak yeni y\u00f6netime destek verdi. Kartosowirjo, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda kurulan Masyumi Partisi\u2019de birinci sekreterlik g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Endonezya\u2019daki i\u00e7 siyasi geli\u015fmeler sonucu, Kartosowirjo, 7 A\u011fustos 1949 tarihinde Bat\u0131 Cava\u2019da \u2018Endonezya \u0130slam Devleti\u2019ni kurma hedefi ile faaliyetlerine yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu hareket, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Orta Cava, G\u00fcney Kalimantan (Borneo), G\u00fcney Sulawesi (Celebes) ve A\u00e7e\u2019ye yay\u0131ld\u0131. Hareket, ayn\u0131 zamanda, etkisini G\u00fcney Sulawesi\u2019deki geli\u015fmelerden etkilenerek Lesser Sunda Adalar\u0131, Molukkas ve Halmahera\u2019da da g\u00f6sterdi. Ancak bu son \u00fc\u00e7 merkezde gerilla hareketi niteli\u011fini kazanamad\u0131. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar Endonezya Ordusu bu hareketi kontrol alt\u0131na almay\u0131 ba\u015faramad\u0131. Bat\u0131 Cava\u2019da 1962, Kalimantan\u2019da 1963 ve Sulawesi\u2019de ise 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda ordu gerilla hareketi niteli\u011findeki Darul \u0130slam hareketini bast\u0131rd\u0131. Hareketin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerdeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. (C. Van Dijk, Rebellion under the Banner of Islam -The Darul Islam in Indonesia-<\/i>, s. 1, 81; M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia<\/i>, s. 215; Effendy, s. 35).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[7]<\/a> Martinkus, s. 51.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[8]<\/a> Ricklefs, s. 235; Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, \u201cThe Acehnese Rebellion of 1953: Some Outlines\u201d, s. 62.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[9]<\/a>Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, \u201cThe Acehnese Rebellion of 1953: Some Outlines\u201d, Solidarity<\/i>, Vol X, No. 6, July-August, Manila, 1975, s. 62. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[10]<\/a>C. Van Dijk, a.g.e., s. 2; <\/b>Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, The Republican Revolt -A Study of The Acehnese Rebellion-<\/i>, s. 12; Martinkus, s. 53-55.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“A\u00e7e: Bar\u0131\u015f Kap\u0131s\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eserimizde yer alan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde k\u0131saca, Endonezya Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te A\u00e7e’nin ve A\u00e7elilerin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 role de\u011finiyoruz. ENDONEZYA BA\u011eIMSIZLIK M\u00dcCADELES\u0130NDE A\u00c7E\u2019N\u0130N ROL\u00dc 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olan A\u00e7e \u0130slam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda (1903) tarihe kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, A\u00e7e\u2019de yeni d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131. Bununla birlikte, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019deki hakimiyeti baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1064"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1064\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/tr_tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}