{"id":5178,"date":"2024-04-08T17:14:42","date_gmt":"2024-04-08T17:14:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=5178"},"modified":"2024-04-08T17:14:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-08T17:14:43","slug":"osmanli-devletinde-gerilemede-desvirme-burokrasisinin-rolu-the-role-of-the-desvirme-bureaucracy-in-the-decline-of-the-ottoman-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/osmanli-devletinde-gerilemede-desvirme-burokrasisinin-rolu-the-role-of-the-desvirme-bureaucracy-in-the-decline-of-the-ottoman-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde gerilemede de\u015fvirme b\u00fcrokrasisinin rol\u00fc \/ The role of the desvirme bureaucracy in the decline of the Ottoman State"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Mehmet \u00d6zay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 08.04.2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde siyasal yap\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fkilinin temelde, hanedanl\u0131k ailesi ve bu ailenin \u00fcretti\u011fi \u2018dev\u015firme\u2019 sistemi ile olu\u015fturulan sivil ve askeri b\u00fcrokrasinin belirleyicili\u011fi oldu\u011fu konusunda bir konsensustan bahsedebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdilik, bu sistemi destekleyen veya bu sistem kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendini \u2018alternatif\u2019 olarak belirlemeyen bir ilmi s\u0131n\u0131f ile halk tabakas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da, devlet sistemi i\u00e7erisinde bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle yetinelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada temel yakla\u015f\u0131m, dev\u015firme sisteminde yer alan unsurlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecindeki rol\u00fc kadar, duraklama ve gerilemesindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca irdelemektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dev\u015firme sistemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dev\u015firmeler yani, H\u0131ristiyan gen\u00e7 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kriterlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sava\u015f esiri olarak al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve yine belirli kriterler \u00fczerinden, \u2018sarayl\u0131 e\u011fitimi\u2019 olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek olan \u2018Enderun\u2019da e\u011fitime tabi tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi, yeni bir t\u00fcr y\u00f6netici elit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sistemik yap\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde uzun s\u00fcre uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu sistemin Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilerleme\/y\u00fckselme d\u00f6nemleri kadar, duraklama ve gerileme d\u00f6nemlerindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn ne oldu\u011fu konusu da, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, bir o kadar \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nihayetinde, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fme d\u00f6nemini ve g\u00f6rkemli on y\u0131llar\u0131 ya\u015fatmas\u0131na neden olan dev\u015firme sisteminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ayn\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nce duraklama ve ard\u0131ndan, gerileme ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine etkisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmek, siyasal yap\u0131 karakteristikleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu anlamda, dev\u015firme sisteminin bozulmas\u0131 kadar, bu sistemin akt\u00f6rleri olan ve zamanla, kendi aralar\u0131nda bir \u2018s\u0131n\u0131f\u2019 yaratm\u0131\u015f olan, -ancak i\u00e7e kapal\u0131 yani, toplumla ba\u011f\u0131 olmayan veya s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan- sivil ve askeri b\u00fcrokratik elitin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin duraklama ve gerilemesinden s\u00f6z edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, 3. Ahmet\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde maliyeden sorumlu Sar\u0131 Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserde dile getirdi\u011fi hususlar ile bu eser \u00fczerine tetkiklerden hareketle \u015funu s\u00f6ylemekte yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dev\u015firme sisteminin \u00fcretti\u011fi pa\u015falar\u0131n zamanla \u201cgerekli, gereksiz atamalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcrokraside do\u011furdu\u011fu gev\u015feklik ile atamalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi k\u0131rsalda, tar\u0131m toplumunun yani, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar merkezden k\u0131rsala do\u011fru sistemin kurumsal yozla\u015fmas\u0131na dair bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu durum, \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi d\u0131\u015fardan gelenlerin y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sistem de\u011fil, i\u00e7erden \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye yol a\u00e7an bir yozla\u015fman\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuza i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sar\u0131 Mehmed Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, dev\u015firme sistemi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan b\u00fcrokrasi \u00e7evrelerinde yozla\u015fmaya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, dev\u015firme sisteminin i\u00e7e kapan\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yani, geni\u015f toplum kesimlerine ula\u015fmayan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda, devletin -zamanla ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ortaya koyma ve y\u00f6netme becerisi sergilemekten uzak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sar\u0131 Mehmed Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n sistemin bir anlamda t\u0131kanmas\u0131 olarak gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k ortaya koydu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirmelerin, temelde dev\u015firme s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kendi i\u00e7inde yenile\u015f\/e\/meme kadar, siyasal ve toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcp hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi noktas\u0131ndaki kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n &nbsp;zamanla gerileme s\u00fcrecini y\u0131k\u0131ma s\u00fcr\u00fcklemedeki \u00f6nemine vurgu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>De\u011fi\u015f\/e\/meme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan dev\u015firme sisteminin ki, gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u2018k\u00f6leci\u2019 veya k\u00f6lemen sistemin oldu\u011fu bir siyasi yap\u0131d\u0131r, Bat\u0131 Asya hanedanl\u0131k sistemlerinin bir devam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6yle ki, bu sistemin veya sistemi olu\u015fturan dev\u015firme s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, devlet ve toplum nizam\u0131na rengini veren \u2018\u0130slam hukuku\u2019 kurallar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, bizatihi Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131na do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131 ve onun \u2018kul\u2019u addedilen, \u00f6te yandan dev\u015firmeler nezdinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u2018efendi\u2019 addedildi\u011fi bir sistem s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dev\u015firmeye -tabiri caizse- hayat bah\u015feden ve bu bah\u015fedilen hayat\u0131 elinden alan yeg\u00e2ne g\u00fc\u00e7 ve otorite padi\u015fah\u0131n bizatihi kendisidir.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hanedanl\u0131kta devaml\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada bir parantez a\u00e7arak, Osmanl\u0131 devleti kurucu iradesinin bir yandan, Pers\/\u0130ran \u00f6te yandan, bu Pers siyasal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmi\u015f birbiri ard\u0131 s\u0131ra gelen, Abbasi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu ve M\u0131s\u0131r Meml\u00fckl\u00fc geleneklerini kendinde m\u00fcndemi\u00e7 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00f6nemi itibar\u0131yla, Bat\u0131 Asya\u2019da hakim olan bu siyasal sistemin me\u015frulu\u011fu ve bu -\u0130slami siyasal yap\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda me\u015frulu\u011fu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bir adalet sisteminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131 siyasal eliti ve zamanla olu\u015fan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekolleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi geli\u015ftirilip geli\u015ftirilmedi\u011fi ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya aday bir konudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bununla s\u00f6ylemek istedi\u011fimiz husus, Osmanl\u0131 siyasi elitinin kendisinden \u00f6nce var olan hanedanl\u0131k sistemlerinin gerilemesi ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ler hakk\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin birikimsel olarak olu\u015fmu\u015f bilgisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde edindi\u011fi siyasi bilin\u00e7 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, herhangi bir alternatif s\u00fcre\u00e7 ortaya koyma iradesi sergileyip sergilemedi\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarihsel s\u00fcreklili\u011fin bize g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi o ki, \u2018hanedanl\u0131k\u2019 olgusunda bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu dikkate ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu noktada, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n herhangi bir alternatif yap\u0131 ortaya koymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B\u00fcrokraside \u2018insan kayna\u011f\u0131\u2019 yenili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bununla birlikte, b\u00fcrokrasiye insan kayna\u011f\u0131 temini noktas\u0131nda Abbasi \u00f6rne\u011finde, Sel\u00e7uklu askeri komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n askeri b\u00fcrokrasideki yerlerinin, Osmanl\u0131 sisteminde k\u0131smen bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k olarak kabul edebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bununla birlikte, \u00f6nceki siyasi hanedanl\u0131k sistemlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcrokrasinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak dev\u015firme sistemini bir yenilik olarak g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek de yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hanedanl\u0131kta bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k varken, b\u00fcrokrasinin insan kayna\u011f\u0131 te\u015fkilinde dev\u015firme sistemiyle bir yenile\u015fme s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dev\u015firme sistemine d\u00f6necek olursak&#8230;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6zelinde bu dev\u015firme sisteminin, \u00fclkenin hemen kurulu\u015funun ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcndeme gelen ve Paul Wittek\u2019le ba\u015flayan ve Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k\u2019la devam eden kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rma olarak, ad\u0131na \u2018gaza ideolojisi\u2019 denilen yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi teritoryal yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir sonucudur diye biliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dev\u015firmelerin devletin sadece, siyasal ve \u00f6zellikle idari yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde belirleyici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n gerek i\u00e7erden ve gerekse, -\u00f6zellikle-, d\u0131\u015fardan gelen de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 veya yap\u0131la\u015fmamas\u0131nda da, kayda de\u011fer bir yeri ve \u00f6nemi oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Walter Livingston Wright. (1935). \u201cIntroduction\u201d, <em>Ottoman Statecraft: The Book of Counsel for Vezirs and Governors<\/em>, (Nesaih al-wuzera-i wa\u2019l umara), Sar\u0131 Mehmed Pasha, Turkish Text with Introduction, Translation and Notes, Princeton: Princeton University Press, s. 50. (1-60).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &nbsp;Walter Livingston Wright. (1935). s. 22.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mehmet \u00d6zay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 08.04.2024 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde siyasal yap\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fkilinin temelde, hanedanl\u0131k ailesi ve bu ailenin \u00fcretti\u011fi \u2018dev\u015firme\u2019 sistemi ile olu\u015fturulan sivil ve askeri b\u00fcrokrasinin belirleyicili\u011fi oldu\u011fu konusunda bir konsensustan bahsedebiliriz. \u015eimdilik, bu sistemi destekleyen veya bu sistem kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendini \u2018alternatif\u2019 olarak belirlemeyen bir ilmi s\u0131n\u0131f ile halk tabakas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da, devlet sistemi i\u00e7erisinde bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5178\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}