{"id":5028,"date":"2024-01-05T07:42:30","date_gmt":"2024-01-05T07:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=5028"},"modified":"2024-01-05T07:42:30","modified_gmt":"2024-01-05T07:42:30","slug":"musluman-toplumlarin-reform-acmazi-kilavuzu-afghani-olanin-the-reform-dilemma-of-muslim-societies-if-afghani-was-the-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/musluman-toplumlarin-reform-acmazi-kilavuzu-afghani-olanin-the-reform-dilemma-of-muslim-societies-if-afghani-was-the-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n reform a\u00e7maz\u0131: K\u0131lavuzu \u201cAfghani\u201d olan\u0131n… \/ \u00a0The reform dilemma of Muslim societies: If Afghani was the guide…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                            05.01.2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n reform, revivalizm, yeniden dirili\u015f vb. meselesinin, bug\u00fcn dahi devam eden bir boyutu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, reform d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ve buna hareketlerin nerede ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ni\u00e7in ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kimler taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesi, belki bug\u00fcn \u00fczerinde daha fazla durulmay\u0131 gerektiren bir \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun en temel nedeni, aradan ge\u00e7en -en az\u0131ndan- birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131la ra\u011fmen, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n halen reform d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi i\u00e7erisinde debeleniyor olu\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r… Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, reform d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini -ele\u015ftirel olmak kayd\u0131yla- g\u00fcndemlerine almayanlar da cabas\u0131…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: gerileme yok!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llar bir yana, en az\u0131ndan, ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131la yani, 18, 19 ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131llara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, reform d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fiminde, \u2018geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k\u2019 olgusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemen bir \u015fekilde hissedilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, s\u00f6z konusu bu uzun erimli d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dahi, bug\u00fcn baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir anlamda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131, \u201cBiz gerilemedik ki zaten!\u201d diyerek gizli\/a\u00e7\u0131k yads\u0131malar\u0131na tan\u0131k olunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ki\u015filerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00f6zde sosyoloji gibi sosyal bilim alan\u0131nda ve bunun \u00f6tesinde, dini alanda s\u00f6zde bir stat\u00fc sahibi olarak yer almalar\u0131, i\u015fin daha da garabet bir boyutta ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te tarafta, ortada, \u201ctamam \u015fimdi buldum!\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu ulus-devletler varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sar\u0131lan ve bunlar i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131sal olarak az\u0131nl\u0131kta kalan \u00fclkelerin, s\u00f6zde maddi refahta olu\u015flar\u0131ndan hareketle, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f veya \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmu\u015f zann\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kanlar olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan ulus-devletle\u015fmelerin bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ve ba\u015far\u0131 gibi sunulmas\u0131na tak\u0131lmayal\u0131m… Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi ve\/ya s\u00fcre\u00e7te ne tarafa y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fi hususu ortada…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7evrelerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, ulus-devletler stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde dahi olmayan, zorla\/kas\u0131tla kurdurulmu\u015f bir tak\u0131m devlet\/\u00e7i yap\u0131lar\u0131n, -kimilerince kader, di\u011fer baz\u0131lar\u0131nca, \u201ctarihsel bir \u015fans\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilen, sahip olduklar\u0131 maddi anlamda zenginle\u015fmelerine yol a\u00e7an do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin, b\u00f6ylesine banal ve y\u00fczeysel bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131narak yorumlan\u0131yor olu\u015fu bile, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar i\u00e7in ac\u0131nas\u0131 bir duruma i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l: yanl\u0131\u015f bir vurgu!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesinden hareketle ba\u015flat\u0131lan gayretlerin \u00f6zellikle, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la odaklanmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu kadar, eksik bir boyutu da i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slam toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n tarihine, geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ba\u011flam\u0131ndan bakan ve buna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arayan gerek oryantalistlerin, gerekse M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sosyal bilimcilerin, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin, hocalar\u0131n tabiri caizse 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l tak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin geni\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 teritoryal olarak ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yatar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6neme k\u0131saca ve kabataslak bakacak olursak, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u015f\u00f6yle bir tablo \u00e7\u0131kar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napolyon\u2019un 1799\u2019da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali; Ruslar\u2019\u0131n 1820\u2019lerden itibaren Kafkalar ve Orta Asya \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi istila giri\u015fimi; Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n, yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, 1820\u2019lerden itibaren Bat\u0131 Cava ile Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019nda Palembang\u2019dan ba\u015flayan, Riau ve Padang b\u00f6lgesi ile devam eden ve nihayetinde y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7evre\u011finde, Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da A\u00e7e\u2019ye ula\u015fan yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikas\u0131; \u0130ngilizlerin 1857 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019da siyasi ve de \u00f6zellikle askeri y\u00f6netim eksenli yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131; Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin \u0130spanya ile sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1898\u2019de Filipinler\u2019de M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu co\u011frafyada s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcreci; Siam\u2019\u0131n (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Tayland) 1901\/1904 d\u00f6neminde Patani b\u00f6lgesinde egemenlik tesisi ve \u0130ngilizlerin 1882\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali vb…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bu tablo pek de i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir foto\u011fraf sunmuyor bize…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, s\u00f6z konusu bu geli\u015fmelere vurgu yap\u0131larak, konu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlere -d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek isteyenlere- sanki, \u015f\u00f6yle bir mesaj veriyor i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e: 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar ve \u00fczerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar gayet m\u00fcnbit, gayet kendinde, gayet geli\u015fmi\u015f bir toplumsal, siyasal ve ekonomik yap\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi sunuyordu…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayretle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gereken bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmemi\u015f olsa da, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesinin, evvel ki y\u00fczy\u0131llara kadar uzanan bir boyutu oldu\u011funu \u0131skalamamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki temel a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131 yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen reform hareketlerinin iki farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini hat\u0131rlatarak, yukar\u0131daki 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sav\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrenleri yanl\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m ortaya koyabiliriz.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlardan ilki, i\u00e7 nedenlerden kaynaklanan reform s\u00fcreci; ikincisi ise, d\u0131\u015f nedenlerden kaynaklanan reform s\u00fcreci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu gayet basit ger\u00e7e\u011fi bizler gibi, bizden \u00f6nce veya bug\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler olmu\u015ftur ve olmas\u0131 do\u011fald\u0131r.[1]<\/a> Ancak, baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelerde unutulan ve unutturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan tam da bu asl\u0131nda…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 nedenlerden kaynaklanan geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k olgusu \u00fczerinde durmak yerine, su\u00e7u\/sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019nde g\u00f6rme ve g\u00f6sterme \u00e7abas\u0131, belki bug\u00fcn ni\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n kahir ekserisinin, \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 be\u015f yukar\u0131, ayn\u0131 noktada oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afgani modeli<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131la vurgu yapanlardan hareketle devam edersek, o d\u00f6nemin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isminin \u00f6ncelikle, Cemaleddin Afgani oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr… \u00d6\u011frencisi ve daha sonra -k\u0131smen- rakibi Muhammed Abduh bir yana Afgani, reform konusundaki teorisyenli\u011fi ile aktivizmi birle\u015ftirmesiyle dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reformistli\u011finin, Bat\u0131 ile \u00f6zellikle de, Fransa ile irtibat\u0131 sonras\u0131nda devrimcili\u011fe evrildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lan Afgani\u2019nin, ni\u00e7in model devletini M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurmak istedi\u011fi konusu sorgulanmaya de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n, o d\u00f6nem itibar\u0131yla Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin siyasi-ekonomik ve askeri -ve t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik radar\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131n, Afgani nezdinde, hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u015f\u0131k olarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devlete kaynakl\u0131k edecek bir co\u011frafya olarak sunulma basiretini sergilendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, bu niyetin ard\u0131nda devlet denilen yap\u0131y\u0131 kurma iradesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir halk\u0131n\/halk toplulu\u011funun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak, devlet idealine sahip siyasi elitler marifetiyle kurulacak bir devlet olgusu bulunuyor…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k olgusunu belki de, bu model devlet sunumunda neye tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyaset biliminde, \u201ctepeden inmeci\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak bilinen bu metodu, Afgani\u2019nin bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi olarak sunma becerisini g\u00f6stermesinin ard\u0131nda kan\u0131mca, Karl Marx ve ilintili yazarlar\u0131n literat\u00fcr\u00fcne \u015fu ya da bu \u015fekilde muhatap olmas\u0131 ve bizatihi, Fransa s\u00fcrecinde geli\u015fmeleri g\u00f6zlemleme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulmu\u015f olmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrimcilik s\u00fcrecinin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda devam etmi\u015f olmas\u0131, ak\u0131llara model yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sunan Afgani\u2019nin \u00f6rnek al\u0131n\u0131p al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sormam\u0131z\u0131 gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine, M\u0131s\u0131r \u00f6zelinden hareketle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, Afgani\u2019nin hedefine koydu\u011fu bir model \u0130slam devleti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine paralel y\u00fcr\u00fcyen ve hatta, buna kaynakl\u0131k eden temel unsurun \u0130ngiltere olmas\u0131 da gayet \u00f6nemli bir hususdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, mesel\u00e2 ni\u00e7in Fransa de\u011fil, mesel\u00e2 ni\u00e7in Rusya de\u011fil, mesel\u00e2 ni\u00e7in Hollanda de\u011fil sorusunu sormakta yarar var. Afgani\u2019nin \u0130ngiliz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda, Hindistan men\u015feili \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oysa, \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinden, diyelim ki, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin ekonomik vars\u0131ll\u0131k ve jeo-stratejik ba\u011flam\u0131nda atardamar\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde olmu\u015f Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan bahsetmeyen -\u015fu ana kadar b\u00f6yle bir at\u0131fa rastlam\u0131\u015f de\u011filim- Afgani\u2019nin, nas\u0131l olup da \u00fcniversal bir \u0130slam \u00fcmmeti ad\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi sunabildi\u011fi sorusu \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, Afgani\u2019nin \u00fcmmeti kurtarma ad\u0131na giri\u015fimlerinde d\u00f6nemini yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki yakla\u015f\u0131mlara ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015fmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afgani\u2019nin d\u00f6nemine tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fdu\u011fu, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Afganistan-\u0130ran ile seyahat etti\u011fi ve siyasi projesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarfetti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r ve bir s\u00fcre kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fransa \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Afgani\u2019nin t\u00fcm s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ilgili bilgilere sahip oldu\u011fu ve\/ya s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklar konusunda ve de \u00f6zellikle, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar noktas\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer\/detayl\u0131 fikir sahibi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ele\u015ftiriye a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ideal bir devlet kurma ad\u0131na giri\u015fiminin salt, \u0130ngiltere-Fransa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, kendini ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerine konu\u015fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bir Afgani mi var kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda acaba?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda, Afgani\u2019nin alternatif aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu ve bir devlet kurma \u00fctopyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde kafa yordu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde mesel\u00e2, ni\u00e7in Afganistan\u2019\u0131 model devlet merkezi se\u00e7medi\u011fini sormak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya da, o d\u00f6nem ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7eken ve k\u00fcresel tar\u0131m ekonomisindeki taleplerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla bir anlamda, k\u0131smi bir y\u00fckseli\u015f i\u00e7inde olan ve siyasal olarak da, Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n aksine, \u2018tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan\u2019 Kuzey Sumatra\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik bir alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ni\u00e7in geli\u015fmedi\u011fi hususu da \u00fczerinde durulmaya de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nihayetinde, Afgani ve benzerleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n, siyasi olarak t\u00fckenmi\u015fli\u011fe tekab\u00fcl eden teritoryal s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ile ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmelerine neden olan kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin, her iki a\u00e7\u0131dan da umut vaad -yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekilen- Kuzey Sumatra\u2019y\u0131 dikkate almas\u0131 beklenirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, Afgani\u2019nin siyasi bilincinde, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair evrensel ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir yap\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Bu gayet temel eksiklik, onu sadece co\u011frafi aray\u0131\u015flarda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa itmekle kalm\u0131yor, sundu\u011fu siyasi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da k\u0131s\u0131r bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sergilemesini bir anlamda zorluyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin, bkz<\/em>.: Ira M. Lapidus. (1997). \u201cIslamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms\u201d, Journal of the Economics and Social History of the Orient<\/em>, Vol. 40, N. 4, (444-460), s. 449.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Muhammer Esen. (2008). \u201cSiyasal Sosyal G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve Dini Y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Afgani\u201d, \u0130slami \u0130limler Dergisi<\/em>, Y\u0131l 3, Say\u0131 2, G\u00fcz (265-278). s. 267.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                            05.01.2024 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n reform, revivalizm, yeniden dirili\u015f vb. meselesinin, bug\u00fcn dahi devam eden bir boyutu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, reform d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ve buna hareketlerin nerede ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ni\u00e7in ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kimler taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesi, belki bug\u00fcn \u00fczerinde daha fazla durulmay\u0131 gerektiren bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bunun en temel nedeni, aradan ge\u00e7en -en […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5029,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5028","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5028"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5028\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5029"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5028"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5028"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5028"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}