Mehmet Ozay 02.11.2017<\/p>\n
30 Eyl\u00fcl 1965 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen darbe giri\u015fimi, Endonezya modern tarihinin en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6neme\u00e7lerinden biridir. Alt\u0131 generalin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen akamete u\u011frat\u0131lan \u2018darbecilerin\u2019 d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli siyasi hareketi olan Endonezya Kom\u00fcsit Partisi\u2019yle ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ile g\u00fcndeme gelir. Bu s\u00fcrecin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Sukarno\u2019nun g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131, kom\u00fcnist partisi mensubu oldu\u011fu belirtilen ve say\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fczbinler ile milyonla ifade edilen ki\u015finin \u2018pasifize\u2019 edilmesi, \u2018darbeyi \u00f6nleyen\u2019 Suharto\u2019nun kar\u015f\u0131 darbe sonras\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koltu\u011funa oturarak otuz iki y\u0131l boyunca \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netmesidir.<\/p>\n
Arka pl\u00e2nda ise, d\u00f6nemin Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesindeki jeo-politik durum, Adalar \u00fclkesinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinde ba\u015flayan ve sonras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nelimleriyle devam eden ideolojik m\u00fccadele oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bununla birlikte, \u00fclke modern tarihindeki bu en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmenin bug\u00fcne kadar t\u00fcm y\u00f6nleriyle b\u0131rak\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini, hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve soru\u015fturman\u0131n yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme i\u015faret eder. Sosyolojik anlamda ise, ya\u015fanan \u2018darbe\u2019 s\u00fcrecinde, \u2018halim-selim Malay \u0131rk\u0131na\u2019 mensup Endonezya toplumunun, baz\u0131 raporlarda dikkat \u00e7ekildi\u011fi \u00fczere 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u2018kitlesel k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131\u2019yla an\u0131lan \u00f6nde gelen \u015fiddet hadiselerinden birine konu olmas\u0131, ya\u015fanan toplumsal travmalar\u0131n hangi boyuta ula\u015fabilece\u011fini ortaya koymas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n
Jeo-politik ba\u011flam\u0131yla da, klasik ifadesiyle bat\u0131da \u2018Fas\u2019tan ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan son seksen y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal ve siyasal \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131n, en \u00e7ok \u2018M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019 n\u00fcfusu bar\u0131nd\u0131ran do\u011fudaki bu \u00fclkesini de \u2018es\u2019 ge\u00e7memesiyle \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 toplumsal ve siyasal hareketlerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc damarlar\u0131ndan biri olan \u0130slamc\u0131 siyaset i\u00e7inde yer alan toplumsal gruplar\u0131n, s\u00f6z konusu bu darbe s\u00fcrecinde nerede durduklar\u0131 ise ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konusu.<\/p>\n
Darbeye sebebiyet veren grubun d\u00f6nemin kom\u00fcnist partisi ve bu partiye destek \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00f6nemin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Sukarno oldu\u011fu iddialar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bu giri\u015fimi \u00f6nleyen, yine ordu i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Suharto liderli\u011findeki askerlerdir. D\u00f6nemin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 -ki bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle 1945 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k il\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren kurucu baba Ahmed Sukarno\u2019nun g\u00f6revden el \u00e7ektirilmesi ve ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6revine son verilmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u2018i\u015flemi\u015f\u2019 oldu\u011fu bu su\u00e7tan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc yarg\u0131lanmamas\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka husustur. \u00d6te yandan, darbeyi \u00f6nleyen veya bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle kar\u015f\u0131 darbe ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Suharto\u2019nun bir s\u00fcre sonra devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilmesi ile Endonezya yeni bir d\u00f6neme ad\u0131m ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
1945-1965 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yirmi y\u0131l boyunca \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten Sukarno iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, siyaset terminolojisinin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi t\u00fcm ak\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir siyasi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irse de, belki de bu d\u00f6nemi tan\u0131mlayacak en iyi s\u00f6zc\u00fck istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcreklilik kazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Sukarno, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i hareketin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda, geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00fclkede toplumsal ve ekonomik refaha kap\u0131 aralayacak tedrici bir iyile\u015fmeyi de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli h\u00fck\u00fcmet de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle siyasette bir t\u00fcr istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ye\u015fermesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n
Suharto\u2019nun 1965 y\u0131l\u0131 1 Ekim\u2019inde fiili ve 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise resmen devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koltu\u011funa oturmas\u0131yla 1998 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s ay\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek iktidar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkeye neler getirip neler kaybettirdi\u011fi \u00fczerine de bug\u00fcne kadar pop\u00fcler ve akademik ba\u011flamlarda epeyce kalem oynat\u0131ld\u0131. Muhalifleri taraf\u0131ndan kendisine \u2018G\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc diktat\u00f6r\u201d lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lan Suharto\u2019nun, mensubu oldu\u011fu siyasi parti ve toplumsal kesimler taraf\u0131ndan ise \u00fclkede \u2018kalk\u0131nman\u0131n babas\u0131\u2019 unvan\u0131na lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, asl\u0131nda otuz iki y\u0131ll\u0131k iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6nemini de a\u015fan \u00e7eli\u015fkilere g\u00f6nderme yapmas\u0131yla \u00fczerinde durulmay\u0131 hak eder. Burada, darbe sonras\u0131 Suharto iktidar\u0131na dair farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc g\u00fcndeme getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
General Suharto\u2019nun tipik bir Asya-Pasifik \u00fclke lideri olarak k\u00f6kenleri orduya dayanan, gen\u00e7lik ve geli\u015fme y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ile ge\u00e7irmi\u015f en az\u0131ndan ya ailesi veya bulundu\u011fu toplumsal ve siyasal ak\u0131mlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le ilgili anlat\u0131lanlar\u0131 birinci elden dinleme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulmu\u015f bir nesilden geliyor. \u00d6te yandan, Suharto\u2019nun 1942-1945 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Japon i\u015fgali d\u00f6neminde Japon pasifik g\u00fc\u00e7lerine mensup ordu yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 birimlerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesi ve Japon sosyalizasyonuna ve modernle\u015fmesine yakinen tan\u0131k oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder. Suharto bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, muhtemelen sadece pasif bir Japon takip\u00e7isi de\u011fil, bizzat bilin\u00e7li olarak Japon modernle\u015fmesine dair okumalar ve hatta Japon subay ve b\u00fcrokrasisiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da muhtemeldir. Kald\u0131 ki, Japonya-Endonezya siyasi ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi y\u0131llar\u0131n Suhartolu y\u0131llara denk gelmesini de burada not d\u00fc\u015fmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Suharto\u2019nun bu \u2018Japon ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndan hareketle 32 y\u0131ll\u0131k iktidar\u0131nda \u2018diktat\u00f6r\u2019 lakab\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u2018kalk\u0131nman\u0131n babas\u0131\u2019 unvan\u0131n\u0131 hak edecek bir ekonomik istikrar s\u00fcrecini hayata ge\u00e7irmesinin arka pl\u00e2n\u0131nda neler olabilece\u011fi sorulabilir. Bu noktada, \u2018Asya \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesini\u2019 k\u00fcresel bir politika haline getirip, bunu s\u00f6m\u00fcrge g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015fla prati\u011fe ge\u00e7iren Japonya\u2019n\u0131n bir ordu-milliyet\u00e7ilik-otoriteryenizm \u00fc\u00e7lemesinin Suharto\u2019ya bir \u2018ilham\u2019 kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilece\u011fine dair referanslar bulmak zor de\u011fil. Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesinde uzun d\u00f6nem h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren s\u00f6m\u00fcrge g\u00fc\u00e7leri yani, \u0130ngiltere-Fransa-Hollanda ve k\u0131smen ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekilmelerinin ard\u0131ndan b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 siyasi ve b\u00fcrokratik yap\u0131lar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemi siyasal ve idari mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n bir devam\u0131 olarak kurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Endonezya\u2019da Suhartolu y\u0131llar\u0131n 350 y\u0131l hakim olmu\u015f Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n m\u0131 yoksa 3.5 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Japonya\u2019n\u0131n tesiri oldu\u011fu sorusu bu anlamda ilgin\u00e7 bir sorudur.<\/p>\n
1850\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren, \u2018Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u2019 ve \u2018modernle\u015fme\u2019 evrelerini kabullenen Japonya end\u00fcstrile\u015fmesi, do\u011fal kaynaklara eri\u015fimi ve sava\u015f mekanizasyonunu geli\u015ftirmesiyle kendine Asya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck abisi rol\u00fcn\u00fc bi\u00e7erek, Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015fleve soyundu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, Japon siyasi eliti s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n salt k\u00fcresel ticaret sistemine dayal\u0131 bir yap\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun daha geni\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ekonomi ile askeri g\u00fcce dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarih okumalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, b\u00f6lgedeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimlerinin, en az\u0131ndan yine 1850\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibarenki yap\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olmal\u0131lar. Japonya zamanla edindi\u011fi askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, bir Avrupal\u0131 ulus kabul edilen Rusya ile 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta ilk kez ciddi anlamda s\u0131nam\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu nedenle, \u2018Endonezya milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fc hareketlerinin Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Japon \u2018ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131ndan\u2019 ilham almalar\u0131na \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmamak gerekir. Ve Japonlar\u0131n bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6nemin Malayca yay\u0131n yapan bas\u0131n organlar\u0131nda -di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte- s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getirilen bir olguydu.<\/p>\n
Japon militerle\u015fmesinin en bariz \u00f6rne\u011fi ku\u015fkusuz ki, 1942 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Malay topraklar\u0131na ayak basmas\u0131yla birlikte kendini ortaya koydu. O d\u00f6nem s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 silahl\u0131 olu\u015fumlar i\u00e7inde yer alan Suharto\u2019nun bizzat e\u011fitim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu Japon ordusu, onun iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir referans noktas\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Suharto, \u00fcniformas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p bir sivil siyaset\u00e7iye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fse de, \u00fclke y\u00f6netiminde merkezden \u00e7evreye kadar t\u00fcm noktalarda ordu mensuplar\u0131 bakanl\u0131klardan, genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fcklere, belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan k\u00f6y y\u00f6netimine kadar \u00fclkenin her noktas\u0131nda var olmaya devam ettiler. Bu anlamda, Endonezya ordusunu, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u2018kurtar\u0131c\u0131\u2019 s\u0131fat\u0131na sahip di\u011fer Asya ordular\u0131ndan bir fark\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin kaderinde belirleyicilikten geri durmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ordunun \u00fclke y\u00f6netimini bir a\u011f gibi sard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne neredeyse t\u00fcm politikalarda belirleyici makam\u0131nda olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, b\u00fcrokraside yer alan sivillerin ordu d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131daki \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal ve siyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131n temsilcileri olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek iyi niyetli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olacakt\u0131r. Ancak Suharto iktidar\u0131nda ordunun i\u015flevi\/rol\u00fc ve geni\u015f b\u00fcrokrasi d\u00fcnyas\u0131na n\u00fcfuzu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha farkl\u0131 bir olgu olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Ki buna Endonezya siyasetinde \u2018dwi fungsi\u2019 yani \u2018iki i\u015flev\u2019 ad\u0131 verilir. Endonezya ordusunun \u00fclkeyi \u2018d\u0131\u015f tehditlere\u2019 kar\u015f\u0131 koruma i\u015flevinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, i\u00e7 politikada akt\u00f6r olarak yer alma gibi anayasal bir yeri de bulunuyor. Ordunun bu temel yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcne kadar daha \u00e7ok i\u00e7 politikada belirleyicik ile \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka ger\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n
Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n 30 Eyl\u00fcl 1965 ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 bug\u00fcn her a\u00e7\u0131dan siyasal ve toplumsal ili\u015fkileri belirlemede \u00f6nemli bir hadisedir. Bu d\u00f6nemi t\u00fcm vecheleriyle ele alman\u0131n, hem Endonezya hem \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde olup bitenleri anlamada olduk\u00e7a i\u015flevsel oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 30.09.2017 30 Eyl\u00fcl 1965 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen darbe […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2145,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-endonezya","category-gunluk-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2144"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2145"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}