{"id":1061,"date":"2012-05-11T02:28:00","date_gmt":"2012-05-11T02:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8080\/ini\/?p=307"},"modified":"2012-05-11T02:28:00","modified_gmt":"2012-05-11T02:28:00","slug":"ace-sultanlgnda-yonetim-ve-idari-yap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/ace-sultanlgnda-yonetim-ve-idari-yap\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u00e7e Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Y\u00f6netim ve \u0130dari Yap\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

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A\u00e7e sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda sosyo-politik g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00fc\u00e7 grubun elinde toplan\u0131yordu: Sultan, soylular (uleebalang) ve alimler.[1]<\/a>Hiyerar\u015fik bir y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan A\u00e7e \u0130slam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda, devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda raja<\/i> denilen sultan bulunurdu. Sultan, \u00fclkedeki yo\u011fun ticari ortam\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutar ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flard\u0131. Sultan, toplumdaki toprak sahiplerinin ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n deste\u011fi ile y\u00f6netimini devam ettirirdi. Toplumda hakim olan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 hukuk ise me\u015fruiyetini \u0130slam\u2019dan al\u0131rd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\u00dclkedeki y\u00f6netim, bug\u00fcnk\u00fcne benzer \u015fekilde eyalet sistemine dayan\u0131yordu. Eyaletin ba\u015f\u0131nda uleebalang<\/i> ad\u0131 verilen hem sivil hem askeri y\u00f6netici konumunda olan soylular bulunuyordu. Bu sistem, babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7iyor ve her d\u00f6nemin sultan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u2018sarakat<\/i>\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen belge ile y\u00f6netimleri resmi h\u00fcviyet kazan\u0131yordu.[2]<\/a>Ba\u015fkent Banda A\u00e7e\u2019nin merkezinde saray ve etraf\u0131nda da y\u00f6netim birimlerinin bulundu\u011fu Dalam<\/i> veya Kuta Raja<\/i> olu\u015fturuyordu. \u015eehrin do\u011fu, bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcneyde sagi<\/i> veya sagoe<\/i> denilen, sultana ba\u011fl\u0131 ancak i\u00e7 i\u015flerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 y\u00f6netim s\u00f6z konusuydu. Her sagi, belli say\u0131da mukim\u2019in birle\u015fmesinden biraraya gelmi\u015f federasyonlard\u0131. Her bir sagoe\u2019nun ad\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fi mukim say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re belirleniyordu: Sagoe 22, Sagoe 25 ve Sagoe 26.[3]<\/a>S\u00f6z konusu \u00fc\u00e7 sagoe\u2019nun her birinin ba\u015f\u0131nda ayr\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerbulunmaklabirlikte, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn de ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Panglima Sagoe<\/i>ad\u0131 verilen bir uleebalang bulunuyordu. [4]<\/a><\/div>\n
Toplumdaki dini i\u015flerden ve \u0130slam hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131ndan sorumlu ki\u015filer teungku<\/i>denilen din adamlar\u0131yd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 tabir bug\u00fcn dahi alimler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, \u0130slam Hukuku ile beraber adat<\/i>ad\u0131 verilen s\u00f6zl\u00fc hukuk da uygulan\u0131yordu. Pek \u00e7ok Malay dilinde kullan\u0131lan bu kelime, \u2018gelenek\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelir.[5]<\/a><\/div>\n
A\u00e7e toplumunda akraba ve kavim ili\u015fkilerinin kurumsal bir yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131. Ancak bir yerle\u015fim yerinde farkl\u0131 akraba ve kavim birlikteliklerine de rastlan\u0131rd\u0131. K\u00f6ylerde idari yap\u0131y\u0131 k\u00f6y reisi sa\u011flarken, dini i\u015fleri k\u00f6y\u00fcn imam\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Yani toplumda biri akrabal\u0131k ve gelenek, di\u011feri de din yani \u0130slam olmak \u00fczere iki temel otorite kayna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. K\u00f6ylerde din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimindeki \u0130slami okullar \u00e7ocuklara erken ya\u015flardan itibaren e\u011fitim veriyorlard\u0131. <\/div>\n
A\u00e7e\u2019nin \u0130slami kimli\u011fine dair \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli olgu dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir: <\/div>\n
a) A\u00e7e 1524 ila 1873 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u0130slam sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Avrupa ile diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurdu; <\/div>\n
b) A\u00e7e sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (1871-1942) Hollandal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi bir direni\u015f g\u00f6sterdi; <\/div>\n
c) A\u00e7e, 1945-1959 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinde Darul \u0130slam olarak bilinen bir \u0130slam devleti i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele verdi.<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n
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[1]<\/a>Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, The Republican Revolt -A Study of The Acehnese Rebellion-<\/i>, SEAS Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapur, 1985, s. 16. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[3]<\/a> Anas Mahmud, \u201cTurun Naiknya Peranan Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam di Pesisir Timur Pulau Sumatra\u201d, s. 301.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[4]<\/a>Lukman Thaib, Acheh\u2019s Case -A Historical Study of the National Movement For the Independence of Acheh-Sumatra-<\/i>, s. 73; Snouck Hurgronje, The Acehnese<\/i>, s. 96. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[5]<\/a>Snouck Hurgronje, a.g.e., s. 9 <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A\u00e7e sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda sosyo-politik g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00fc\u00e7 grubun elinde toplan\u0131yordu: Sultan, soylular (uleebalang) ve alimler.[1]Hiyerar\u015fik bir y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan A\u00e7e \u0130slam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda, devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda raja denilen sultan bulunurdu. Sultan, \u00fclkedeki yo\u011fun ticari ortam\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutar ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flard\u0131. Sultan, toplumdaki toprak sahiplerinin ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n deste\u011fi ile y\u00f6netimini devam ettirirdi. Toplumda hakim olan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 hukuk ise […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1061","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1061"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1061\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1061"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1061"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1061"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}