{"id":1060,"date":"2012-05-11T02:29:00","date_gmt":"2012-05-11T02:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8080\/ini\/?p=306"},"modified":"2012-05-11T02:29:00","modified_gmt":"2012-05-11T02:29:00","slug":"somurgecilerin-aceye-mudahalesi-ve-ace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/somurgecilerin-aceye-mudahalesi-ve-ace\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin A\u00e7e\u2019ye M\u00fcdahalesi ve A\u00e7e Sava\u015f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

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18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere ile Hollanda aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren hegemonya sava\u015f\u0131 A\u00e7e \u0130slam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiledi. \u0130ngilizler A\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesinde pek fazla etkinlik g\u00f6steremeseler bile A\u00e7e\u2019yi de egemenlik sahalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kabul etti. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki emelleri, Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne hakim olmay\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. \u0130ngiltere ilk ba\u015flarda buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Fakat Fransa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgede hakimiyet kurma iste\u011fi ve giri\u015fimleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n isteklerine raz\u0131 oldu. A\u00e7e\u2019nin iki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fcc\u00fcn hakk\u0131nda karar verdi\u011fi ve piyon konumuna sokuldu\u011fu 17 Mart 1824 tarihinde imzalanan Londra Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u0130ngiltere, Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki t\u00fcm egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131 Hollanda\u2019ya devrederek buradaki faaliyetlerine sona erdirdi. Hollandal\u0131lar da Hindistan ve Singapur\u2019daki haklar\u0131ndan \u0130ngiltere lehine vazge\u00e7erek \u0130ngilizlerin kontrol\u00fcndeki Sumatra\u2019ya hakim olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.[1]<\/a> <\/div>\n
Bu anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli maddesi olan, A\u00e7e devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeme ve A\u00e7e\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u015fart\u0131, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan anla\u015fma ile h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz kald\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00fcrekli A\u00e7e Devleti\u2019nde oldu.[2]<\/a>Ancak Endonezya Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftiren Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irmeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerinden zor oldu. 1871 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki anla\u015fma ile \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Gana\u2019daki Alt\u0131n Sahili (Gold Coast)\u2019\u0131nda bulunan Elmina liman\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda A\u00e7e\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n teminat\u0131 olma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda\u2019ya Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019nda serbest\u00e7e hareket etme olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131.[3]<\/a>Bunun sonucu olarak \u0130ngilizler Afrika\u2019da sava\u015fa giri\u015firken, Hollanda Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019nda sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ze ald\u0131. Baharat ticareti yolu \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f noktas\u0131 olan Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015finde bulunan A\u00e7e, Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartan bir b\u00f6lgeydi. Bu nedenle Hollandal\u0131lar, 1870\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren, sava\u015f\u0131 da g\u00f6ze alacak \u015fekilde, A\u00e7e\u2019de egemenlik kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
Hollandal\u0131lar 26 Mart 1873 tarihinde A\u00e7e\u2019ye sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015flayan A\u00e7e Sava\u015f\u0131,[4]<\/a>A\u00e7e Darusselam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarihi rol\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1903 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar k\u0131rk y\u0131l devam etti. Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, A\u00e7e Sultan\u0131\u2019na ait birlikler ve daha sonra da kasabalardaki askeri komutan h\u00fcviyetindeki Ulebalang\u2019lar geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131, A\u00e7e\u2019deki direni\u015f ulema taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Uleman\u0131n cihad \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 halk taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve A\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7leri dini liderler komutas\u0131nda Hollandal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 verdi. Tarihinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015f olan bu m\u00fccadelede Hollanda a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdi.[5]<\/a>A\u00e7eli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri direni\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 koyamayan Hollandal\u0131lar, kendisini M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak tan\u0131tan ve A\u00e7e\u2019de ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan  Hollandal\u0131 \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcr casusu\u201d Dr. Christian Snouck Hurgronje\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler.[6]<\/a>A\u00e7e\u2019deki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge valisi Van Heutsz, dini liderlere kar\u015f\u0131 amans\u0131z bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve onlara kar\u015f\u0131 geleneksel veya sek\u00fcler liderleri destekledi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, 1627 y\u0131l\u0131nda buraya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden el-firus el-Ba\u011fdadi ailesinin[7]<\/a>kurdu\u011fu ve 2000\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n el yazmas\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli dini merkezlerden biri olan Banda A\u00e7e\u2019ye 40 kilometremesafedeki Selimium\u2019da ya\u015fayanlar da aktif bir \u015fekilde bu sava\u015fta yer ald\u0131lar. Ulema aras\u0131nda, bu m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer alan bir ba\u015fka isim ise Tengku Cik Di Tiro (1836-91) oldu.[8]<\/a><\/div>\n
Kimi tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda A\u00e7e Darusselam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son sultan\u0131 Davud \u015eah\u2019\u0131n Hollandal\u0131larca yakalanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanarak 40 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ancak aralar\u0131nda Di Tiro ailesinin de bulundu\u011fu baz\u0131 gruplar 10 y\u0131l kadar daha m\u00fccadelelerine devam ettiler. Bu nedenledir ki, baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, A\u00e7e Darusselam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekili\u015fi, kalan son direni\u015f\u00e7ilerin de ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1913 y\u0131l\u0131 olarak kabul eder. Bu uzun s\u00fcreli m\u00fccadeleye ra\u011fmen, Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019nin her yerinde hakimiyet kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7. A\u00e7eliler m\u00fccadelelerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar halinde de olsa gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 \u015feklinde devam ettirmeleri Japonlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeyi kontrolleri alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1943 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrmesi nedeniyle A\u00e7e Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 70 y\u0131l gibi uzun bir s\u00fcrece yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.[9]<\/a><\/div>\n
S\u00f6z konusu A\u00e7e Sava\u015f\u0131, Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge tarihinin tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu en uzun sava\u015f oldu. Bu sava\u015fta Hollandal\u0131lar onbin kay\u0131p verirken, A\u00e7eliler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 y\u00fczbin ferdini yitirdi. Hollandal\u0131lar ba\u015fkent Banda A\u00e7e\u2019yi kontrolleri alt\u0131nda tutarken, A\u00e7eliler i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde direni\u015f hareketlerine devam ettiler. Hollandal\u0131lar, Japon i\u015fgalinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi 1943 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 fiili olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/div>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda A\u00e7e Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kabile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck, Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irmelerindeki fakt\u00f6rlerden birini olu\u015fturur. A\u00e7e Sultan\u0131 Mahmud \u015eah, sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu zor ko\u015fuldan kurtarmak amac\u0131yla \u0130ngiltere, Amerika, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Fransa\u2019dan yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmu\u015fsa da herhangi olumlu bir yan\u0131t alamad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemde i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu zor ko\u015fullar \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6teki ucunda yer alan A\u00e7e Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na yard\u0131m etmesini olanaks\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Denizden sald\u0131ran Hollandal\u0131larla yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar\u0131n nihai olarak sona eri\u015fi Japonya\u2019n\u0131n II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda b\u00f6lgeyi ele ge\u00e7irmesine de\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ancak Japonlar\u0131n A\u00e7e \u00fczerinde pek fazla etkisi olmad\u0131.<\/div>\n

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[1]<\/a>Anthony Reid, \u201cThe Pre-modern Sultanate\u2019s View of Its Place in the World\u201d, (Ed.) Anthony Reid, Verandah Of Violence -The Background to the Aceh Problem-<\/i>, Singapore University Press, 2006, s. 52; Henk Maier, We Are Playing Relatives -A Survey of Malay Writing-,<\/i> KITLV Press, Leiden, 2004, s. 206; Ismail Hussein, Statements on Malay Language and Literature<\/i>, Pusat Teknologi Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1989, s. 14; John Anderson, Acheen -And The Ports On the North And East Costs of Sumatra-<\/i>, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1971, s. viii.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[2]<\/a>C. J. Stolk, (Ed.), Peutjoet<\/i>, \u00c7ev.: Lea Morris, Published by the Vereniging Indische Nederlanders, The Hague-Amsterdam (Uitgegeven door de Vereniging Indische Nederlanders \u2018s-Gravenhage, Amsterdam, 1984, s. 15; G. W. J. Drewes ve P. Voorhoeve, Adat Atjeh<\/i>, s. 17.  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[3]<\/a>Anthony Reid, \u201cColonal Transformation: A Bitter Legacy\u201d, (s. 96-108), (Ed.) Anthony Reid, Verandah Of Violence -The Background to the Aceh Problem-<\/i>, Singapore UniversityPress, 2006, s. 97. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[4]<\/a>Jan M. Pluvier, A Handbook and Chart of Southeast Asian History<\/i>, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1967, s. 29; A\u00e7e Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz.: \u0130smail Sofyan, (ed.) Perang Kolonial Belanda di Aceh -The Dutch Colonial War in Aceh-<\/i>, The Documentation and Information Center of Aceh, Banda Aceh, 1990. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[5]<\/a>D. Robert McAmis, Malay Muslims -The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam In Southeast Asia-<\/i>, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, 2003, s. 37.  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[6]<\/a>E. Lea Williams, Southeast Asia -A History<\/i>-, <\/b>New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, s. 134.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[7]<\/a>El-firus el-Ba\u011fdadi ailesi, Dayah Tanoh Abee ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini konu alan makale i\u00e7in bkz.: Mehmet \u00d6zay, \u201cG\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyetine Katk\u0131s\u0131 Ba\u011flam\u0131nda A\u00e7e\u2019de Bir Osmanl\u0131 Tekkesi: Dayah Tanoh Abee\u201d, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi<\/i>, Say\u0131 30 (2006\/1), s. 191-213. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[8]<\/a> Martinkus, s. 45.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[9]<\/a>Paul Van Der Velde, P. J. Veth (1814-1895) And the Dutch East Indies -A Lifelong Passion<\/i>-, \u00c7ev.: Beverley Jackson, KITLV Press, Leiden, 2006, s. 200; Eric Eugene Morris, Islam and Politics in Aceh, <\/i>s. 54.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere ile Hollanda aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren hegemonya sava\u015f\u0131 A\u00e7e \u0130slam Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiledi. \u0130ngilizler A\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesinde pek fazla etkinlik g\u00f6steremeseler bile A\u00e7e\u2019yi de egemenlik sahalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kabul etti. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki emelleri, Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne hakim olmay\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. \u0130ngiltere ilk ba\u015flarda buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Fakat Fransa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgede hakimiyet kurma iste\u011fi ve giri\u015fimleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1060","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1060"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1060"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1060"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/indonesia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1060"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}