31 A\u011fustos 1957 tarihinde \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin sona erdi\u011fi ve Malay Federasyonu ad\u0131yla yeni bir devletin d\u00fcnya sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda o d\u00f6nemki ad\u0131yla Malaya topraklar\u0131na yeniden giren \u0130ngilizler, di\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin aksine Malaya\u2019ya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k verme yanl\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fildi. Bunda \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenler aranabilir. En ba\u015fta gelen neden bu topraklar\u0131n \u00c7in ve Hindistan aras\u0131ndaki su yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde kayda de\u011fer bir \u00f6neminin olmas\u0131. Yani jeo-stratejik olgu… Bir di\u011feri, \u0130ngilizlerin 1876 tarihinde ba\u015flayan Malay topraklar\u0131ndaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131ndan -yani M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Malaylar ve g\u00f6\u00e7men az\u0131nl\u0131klardan- kayda de\u011fer siyasi veya askeri direni\u015fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sebep ise n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ancak \u2013kaynaklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin ve \u00fcretim kapasitesi y\u00fcksek bir belde olarak dikkat \u00e7ekmesi.<\/p>\n
Bu giri\u015fimde asl\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler g\u00f6nderilen \u00f6zel vali ile neredeyse arzulanan hedefi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek \u00fczereydiler. Bu topraklarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren dokuz sultana sunulan, asl\u0131nda empoze edilen Malay Birli\u011fi projesine imzalar da toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Malay sivillerin\/entellekt\u00fcellerin siyasilerin belki de koca Malay tarihinde ilk defa b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcyk \u00e7apl\u0131 bir kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fla Sultanlar\u0131n elini kolunu ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olundu. Bu giri\u015fim, ayn\u0131 zamanda, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge tarih\u00e7ilerinin hem fikir olarak dile getirdikleri \u00fczere, ge\u00e7 de olsa Malay milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin y\u00fckseli\u015fi anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Dato Onn bin Cafer \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Malay milliyet\u00e7ileri \u00e7e\u015fitli toplant\u0131lar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Cohor Eyaleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Cohor Baru\u2019da \u201cBirle\u015fik Malay Ulusal Organizasyonu\u2019nu (UMNO) kurdu… Umno\u2019nun kurulu\u015fu, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcren monar\u015fi hakimiyetinin de \u00fclke siyasetinde tek g\u00fc\u00e7 ve ses olmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>\n
Bununla birlikte, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci y\u00f6netimi Malaya topraklar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k verilmesi fikrinde gene inisiyatifi elden b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine, \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi \u00fclkeye ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ancak \u00fc\u00e7 etnik yap\u0131n\u0131n aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flad\u0131. Malay milliyet\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda \u00c7in ve Hint k\u00f6kenli etnik yap\u0131larla birarada ya\u015faman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ku\u015fku yok. Bu ba\u011flamda, d\u00f6nemin Malay lideri Dato Onn, UMNO\u2019ya \u00c7in ve Hint k\u00f6kenli politikac\u0131lar\u0131n da al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve etnik temelli siyasetten vazge\u00e7ilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 kimi Malay \u00e7evrelerinde \u015fok ve korku etkisi yaratmas\u0131 bir anlamda Dato Onn\u2019un liderlik kariyerinin de sonu anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece, 1951 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dato Onn, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin kabul g\u00f6rmemesi \u00fczerine UMNO\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Yerine ge\u00e7en isim ise bug\u00fcn ad\u0131 \u00e7ok\u00e7a duyulan Tunku Abdulrahman oldu. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de hukuk e\u011fitimi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan Tunku Abdul Rahman\u2019\u0131n Kedah saray\u0131na yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00f6zellikeriyle \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan \u2018se\u00e7ilmi\u015f\u2019 bir lider oldu\u011fu intiba\u0131 vermiyor de\u011fil. Tunku, \u00c7in ve Hint etnik yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden liderlerle uzun s\u00fcren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizlerin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yerine getirilmesiyle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeye kazand\u0131ran lider olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n
Tabii bu noktada, Malaya topraklar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve ulus-devlet s\u00fcrecinin bitti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. \u00d6yle ki, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda Brunei, Singapur, Sabah ve Sarawak gibi \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finde uzun s\u00fcreli yer alm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgelerin Malaya Federasyonu ile birle\u015fmesi g\u00fcndeme geldi. S\u00fcre\u00e7te Brunei\u2019nin d\u0131\u015farda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak Singapur-Sabah ve Saravak\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Malezya Federasyonu kurulmu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Burada Singapur\u2019un \u00f6zel konumuna de\u011finmek gerekir. Lee Kuan Yew ile Tunku Abdulrahman aras\u0131nda somut bir \u015fekilde takip edilebilecek Singapur ve Malezya merkezi y\u00f6netiminin kimi siyasi konulardaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Singapur\u2019un Federasyon\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak -Ada\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nemde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fi t\u00fcm potansiyel tehditlere ra\u011fmen – Singapur Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131yla yeni bir devlet kuruldu.<\/p>\n
Bu ikinci kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan ad\u0131 Malezya Federasyonu olan devlet, geleneksel Malay devletleri olarak da bilinen Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki dokuz eyaletin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki dokuz ayr\u0131 sultan ile Penang Adas\u0131, Malaka \u015fehri, Sabah ve Sarawak merkezden atanan d\u00f6rt \u00f6zel vali ile y\u00f6netiliyor. Federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f\u0131nda ise dokuz Malay sultan\u0131 aras\u0131nda be\u015f y\u0131lda bir yap\u0131lan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle bir ki\u015fi Federal Sultan olarak \u00fclkenin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
Federal Sultan, \u00fclke siyasetinde sembolik rol oynasa da, \u00fclkenin var olu\u015funu sa\u011flayan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli maddeden biri sultana ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Sultan, ayn\u0131 zamanda ordunun ba\u015f\u0131 kabul ediliyor. Eyalet sultanlar\u0131 ise eyaletlerde \u0130slam dini ve Malay gelene\u011finin hamisi konumunda bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazanan o d\u00f6nemki ad\u0131yla Malaya Federasyonu, 1947-1960 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde etkin olan \u2018Malaya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen gerilla sava\u015f\u0131na konu oldu. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz birlikleriyle yanyana sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan kom\u00fcsit gerilla hareketinin temel hedefi b\u00f6lgede kom\u00fcnist bir devlet tesis etmekti. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinde ba\u015flayan ve sonras\u0131nda da bir s\u00fcre devam eden bu gerilla sava\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda ve Malaya topraklar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0131rklardan olu\u015fturdu\u011fu askeri birliklerle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi.<\/p>\n
\u00dclkenin modern tarihinde dikkat \u00e7eken bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme ise etnik az\u0131nl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda zaten var olan ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun pratikte anar\u015fiye d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 13 May\u0131s 1969 ve sonras\u0131ndaki olaylar oldu. Kom\u00fcnist gerilla hareketinin ard\u0131ndan \u00fclkedeki en \u00f6nemli s\u00fcre\u00e7 kabul edilen 13 may\u0131s 1969 anar\u015fi olaylar y\u00fczlerce ki\u015finin \u00f6lmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u00c7inliler ve Malay m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015fkent Kuala Lumpur olmak \u00fczere \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu olaylar\u0131n temelinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan itibaren Malaylar\u0131n ekonomik geli\u015fimden pay alamamalar\u0131, \u00c7inlilerin giderek artan rollerine dikkat \u00e7ekilmektedir. Geli\u015fmelerin siyasi sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fclkenin kurucu babas\u0131 ve ilk ba\u015fbakan Tunku Abdulrahman\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dclke iki y\u0131l boyunca ba\u015f\u0131nda Ba\u015fbakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Tun Razak bin H\u00fcseyin\u2019in oldu\u011fu \u00f6zel bir komite taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi. Malezya entellekt\u00fcellerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, bu d\u00f6nemde ordunun de\u011fil de sivillerin \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netmesini benzer \u00fclkelerdeki geli\u015fmelerden farkl\u0131l\u0131k olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131rlar. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte, \u00fclkenin siyasi ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olundu. Bu anlamda, e\u011fitimden, ekonomiye ve siyasi idareye kadar Malay haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n konumunun belirlendi\u011fi 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Anayasa\u2019daki d\u00fczenlemeler, \u00fclkede \u0131rklar aras\u0131 etkile\u015fimi belirlemesi nedeniyle dikkat \u00e7eker. Bu etkinin bug\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemekte fayda var.<\/p>\n
1970-1975 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ba\u015fbakan olan Tun Razak bin H\u00fcseyin kalk\u0131nma hamlesine, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Malay n\u00fcfusunun yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler olan k\u0131rsaldan ba\u015flad\u0131. Temelde Tun Razak\u2019\u0131n bu k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma politikas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ekonomik geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla malul Malay kitlelerinin \u2018diriltilmesi\u2019 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Felda gibi \u00f6nemli devlet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ye\u015fermesine ve geli\u015fmesine konu oldu.<\/p>\n
1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u015fbakan olan ve 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu g\u00f6rev s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Dr. Mahatir Muhammed \u00fclkenin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda ba\u015fat rol oynad\u0131. K\u00fcresel geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak neo-liberalizme kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an Malezya, bir yandan da ekonomi de devlet kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc b\u0131rakmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bat\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler kadar, Japonya-\u00c7in gibi b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleriyle de ticari ve yat\u0131r\u0131m ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Malezya, zamanla ucuz emek ve yat\u0131r\u0131m imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla Japonya-G\u00fcney Kore-\u00c7in-ABD ve AB \u00fclkelerinden \u00f6nemli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na konu oldu. \u0130malat sanayiindeki geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak end\u00fcstriyel kalk\u0131nma hamlesi bu d\u00f6nemde dikkat \u00e7eker. \u00dclkenin siyasi angajmanlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u2018devlet eliyle \u0130slamla\u015fma\u2019 s\u00fcreci de Dr. Mahathir d\u00f6neminin dikkat \u00e7eken hususiyetlerindendi. \u0130slam bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, helal g\u0131da, hac kurumu gibi kayda de\u011fer yap\u0131la\u015fmalar bu d\u00f6nemde ortaya kondu.<\/p>\n
Malezya\u2019n\u0131n hem ekonomik hem de islami kurumsalla\u015fma noktas\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in bir model \u00fclke olarak sunulmas\u0131na neden oldu. Uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar grubunda yer alan Malezya, \u00f6nce \u2018ASAa\u2019 ard\u0131ndan ASEAN ad\u0131n\u0131 alan alan birli\u011fin kurucu \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
31 A\u011fustos 1957 tarihinde \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin sona erdi\u011fi ve Malay Federasyonu ad\u0131yla yeni bir devletin d\u00fcnya sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda o d\u00f6nemki ad\u0131yla Malaya topraklar\u0131na yeniden giren \u0130ngilizler, di\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin aksine Malaya\u2019ya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k verme yanl\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fildi. Bunda \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenler aranabilir. En ba\u015fta gelen neden bu topraklar\u0131n \u00c7in ve Hindistan […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":718,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-malezya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=717"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/718"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}