{"id":6622,"date":"2026-08-17T15:14:24","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T15:14:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=6622"},"modified":"2026-08-17T15:14:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T15:14:25","slug":"endonezya-cumhuriyeti-mesruiyet-ve-bagimsizlik-indonesian-republic-legitimacy-and-independence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/endonezya-cumhuriyeti-mesruiyet-ve-bagimsizlik-indonesian-republic-legitimacy-and-independence\/","title":{"rendered":"Endonezya Cumhuriyeti: me\u015fruiyet ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \/ Indonesian Republic: legitimacy and independence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mehmet \u00d6zay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 17.08.2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7leri baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde benzerlikler g\u00f6sterir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgelerin ve toplumlar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u2018kazanm\u0131\u015f\u2019 olmalar\u0131 gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az da olsa, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere ve toplumlara ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi eliyle\u2019 devriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, temelde s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle kopu\u015f bu grubu da, ilk grup aras\u0131nda saymam\u0131za elverecek bir veri sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu\u2019nun \u00f6nemli co\u011frafyalar\u0131ndan olan ve tarihte, Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda antropolojik temellerden kaynaklanan bir genelleme ile \u201cMalay\u201d olarak zikredilen topraklarda, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131 17 A\u011fustos\u2019unda Endonezya Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131yla yeni bir ulus-devletin kurulmas\u0131, gayet \u00f6nemli bir s\u00fcrece tekab\u00fcl eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sukarno ve Muhammed Hatta\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k il\u00e2n\u0131ndaki rolleri kadar, bu ikili s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kartan d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nde gelen siyasi ve entellekt\u00fcel gruplar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekir&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l s\u00fcren gayet zorlu bir s\u00fcrecin ard\u0131ndan k\u00fcresel toplum taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesi, s\u00fcrecin gayet \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bug\u00fcn, 81. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutlayan Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin hangi \u015fartlarda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcrecine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na k\u0131saca bakmakta yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Teoriler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le ilgili olarak, dikkat \u00e7eken baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli hususlar vard\u0131r. Bu hususlar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kategoriler ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rne\u011fin, kahir ekseriyetinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplum olmas\u0131; Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 k\u00fcresel sistemin tesisinde jeo-stratejik bir b\u00f6lgede yeni bir devletin olu\u015fumu; tarihde, pek nadir s\u00fcre\u00e7ler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm Tak\u0131madalar co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n belki de, ilk kez b\u00f6ylesine merkezi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir yap\u0131ya kazanma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ad\u0131m\u0131 ilk akla gelen unsurlardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunlardan biri, o d\u00f6nemin Endonezya toplumunun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na elde etmedi\u011fi, yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l Tak\u0131madalar\u2019da varl\u0131k s\u00fcren Japonya taraf\u0131ndan veya Japonlar\u0131n deste\u011fiyle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu konuya dair, akademik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bitti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir di\u011fer husus, 17 A\u011fustos\u2019da il\u00e2n edilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ra\u011fmen, eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Hollanda ve 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ittifak halinde oldu\u011fu daha do\u011frusu korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu \u0130ngiltere ve ABD ile birlikte eski topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme amac\u0131yla, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131 Ekim ay\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015fta Cava, Sulawesi, Kuzey ve Bat\u0131 Sumatra, Palembang, Riau gibi b\u00f6lgelere girmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, Jakarta\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k il\u00e2n\u0131ndan iki aydan daha az bir s\u00fcre sonra \u2018Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler\u2019 Tak\u0131madalar topraklar\u0131na ayak basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu durum, o d\u00f6nem, uluslararas\u0131 toplum taraf\u0131ndan, \u2018ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00fclkeye yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131 ve i\u015fgal\u2019 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmemi\u015ftir&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nihayetinde, b\u00f6lgedeki ad\u0131yla ifade edecek olursak, Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kazanan\u0131n\u0131n ABD \u00f6nderli\u011findeki \u0130ttifak olmas\u0131 ve bu ittifak\u0131n \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin yani, bizatihi, ABD ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6zde topraklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak amac\u0131yla, Tak\u0131madalar co\u011frafyas\u0131na n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131n, uluslararas\u0131 camiada kayda de\u011fer bir sesin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa topraklar\u0131nda, Hitler Almanyas\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 Bat\u0131 blo\u011fuyla ittifak kuran Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019na dair s\u00f6yleyecek pek bir s\u00f6z\u00fc yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ne de, kendi co\u011frafyas\u0131nda \u2018milliyet\u00e7iler\u2019 ile \u2018kom\u00fcnistlerin\u2019 iktidar m\u00fccadelesine konu olan \u00c7in\u2019in, tarihsel olarak ili\u015fkileri olan Malay tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019nda olan bitene y\u00f6nelik bir siyaset takip etme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oysa, Burma, M\u0131s\u0131r, Hindistan gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan veya hen\u00fcz kazanmam\u0131\u015f olan baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler, Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kuru\u015fulunu destekledikleri gibi, bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinden kendilerine y\u00f6nelik bir pay da \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yeniden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Endonezya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurucu fig\u00fcrlerinin ve destek\u00e7ilerinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerdeki serbestiyetlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130ngiltere ve ABD\u2019din deste\u011findeki Hollanda, askeri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sivil y\u00f6netimini de yeniden b\u00f6lge y\u00f6netimlerine ta\u015f\u0131mak suretiyle, belirli b\u00f6lgelerde \u201cyeniden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme\u201d s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve bu s\u00fcrecin ard\u0131ndan, \u2018Endonezya Cumhuriyeti\u2019 siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, Hollanda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u201cEndonezya Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u201d ad\u0131yla yeni bir siyasi yap\u0131 kurulmas\u0131, Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 s\u00fcrecin akamete u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131na matuf bir giri\u015fimdi.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeniden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecini bu \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bu geli\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin teritoryal dayanak noktalar\u0131na de\u011finmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cumhuriyet\u00e7i egemenlik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cumhuriyet\u00e7i yap\u0131n\u0131n siyasi eliti ve geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin \u00f6zellikle, yukar\u0131da zikredilen b\u00f6lgelerde, 1947 ve 1948\u2019de verdikleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi nihayetinde, 1949 y\u0131l\u0131 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda yeni bir ulus-devletin k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve bunlar\u0131n kurumsal yans\u0131mas\u0131 olan, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17 A\u011fustos 1945 il\u00e2 Aral\u0131k 1949 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nem boyunca Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n siyasi me\u015fruiyetine dair kaynaklar bize iki temel veri sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunlardan ilki Orta Cava\u2019da Yogyakarta Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6lgedir. Cumhuriyet\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7lere destek veren Sultanl\u0131k, yeniden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde Cakarta\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kmak zorunda kalan Cumhuriyet\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7lerin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kuzey Sumatra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130kinci veri ise Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da, yani A\u00e7e\u2019yle ilgilidir. \u0130ttifak g\u00fc\u00e7leri, \u00f6zellikle de, Hollanda ve \u0130ngiliz birlikleri, 31 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Sri Lanka\u2019dan Sabang\u2019a ge\u00e7melerine ra\u011fmen, A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz etmemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgedeki farkl\u0131 kaynaklar dikkate al\u0131nacak olursa, 17 A\u011fustos 1945 tarihinde Cakarta\u2019daki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k il\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6nemli yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131n, A\u00e7e\u2019de ve Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n A\u00e7e\u2019ye gir\/e\/memesinin gayet a\u00e7\u0131k nedeni, 1873\u2019ten itibaren b\u00f6lgede var olan sava\u015f\u0131n fiziki etkisi giderek azalmakla birlikte, A\u00e7e toplumu aras\u0131nda Hollanda\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik tepki ve hissiyat noktas\u0131nda gayet dinamik bir m\u00fccadele ruhunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u00e7e toplumunun, bu \u00f6zelliklerini yan\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki yani, Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer gruplar\u0131n \u0130ngiliz ve Hollanda birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerine fiili desteklerinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada vurgulanmas\u0131 gereken \u015fudur&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n Cava Adas\u0131\u2019nda kendine siyasal me\u015fruiyetini sa\u011flayan Yogyakarta Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi iken, teritoryal olarak bir di\u011fer alan -ki, bu alan Yogyakarta Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f ve siyasal ve toplumsal yap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131l\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131yan A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131ya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmesi amac\u0131yla kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m g\u00f6rsel kaynak olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Siyah ile i\u015faretlenmi\u015f olan b\u00f6lgeler Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r (<em>Tanda hitam: daerah yang diakui dikuasai oleh Republik.<\/em>). Bu haritan\u0131n ilk yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ise, Hollanda\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan \u201cNieuwe Post\u201d adl\u0131 Felemenk\u00e7e gazetedir.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sukarno\u2019nun 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda A\u00e7e\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaret ve d\u00f6nemin A\u00e7eli liderleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, bu anlamda Endonezya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel teritoryal ve toplumsal yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda kritik geli\u015fmelerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tarihsel olarak Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 olarak bilinen ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren \u2018Endonezya\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nihayet ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ulus-devlete evrildi\u011fi 17 A\u011fustos 1945 tarihinin \u00f6nemine ku\u015fku bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bununla birlikte, bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tesisinde ve devam\u0131nda, bir ulus-devlet olma temel \u015fartlar\u0131ndan biri olan teritoryal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan yap\u0131n\u0131n, Yogyakarda Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi ile Kuzey Sumatra\u2019da A\u00e7e topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkate almak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Mohammad Said. (1948). \u201cKe Djawa Serintas Lalu\u201d (lanjutan Kemarin), <em>Waspada<\/em>, Sabtu, 27 Maret 1948, No. 347, p. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0130lgili g\u00f6rselin kayna\u011f\u0131: <em>Waspada<\/em>, 19 Djuni 1949, Djum\u2019at, No. 651, Tahun Ke-III, p. 2(!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mehmet \u00d6zay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 17.08.2026 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7leri baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde benzerlikler g\u00f6sterir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgelerin ve toplumlar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u2018kazanm\u0131\u015f\u2019 olmalar\u0131 gelir. Az da olsa, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere ve toplumlara ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi eliyle\u2019 devriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, temelde s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle kopu\u015f bu grubu da, ilk grup aras\u0131nda [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6623,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,6],"tags":[88,86,87],"class_list":["post-6622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-endonezya","category-gunluk-yazilar","tag-independence","tag-indonesia","tag-sumatra"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6622"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6622\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6622"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}