{"id":6166,"date":"2025-10-20T09:18:16","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T09:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=6166"},"modified":"2025-10-20T09:18:17","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T09:18:17","slug":"filistin-meselesi-ve-yahudi-ekonomi-politigi-the-palestinian-issue-and-jewish-economics-and-politics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/filistin-meselesi-ve-yahudi-ekonomi-politigi-the-palestinian-issue-and-jewish-economics-and-politics\/","title":{"rendered":"Filistin meselesi ve Yahudi ekonomi-politi\u011fi \/ The Palestinian issue and Jewish economics and politics"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay 16.07.2025<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filistin konusunun, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin son birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme olmas\u0131 kadar, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi ve teritoryal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\/egemenli\u011finin sona ermesi ve bu sona eri\u015fin \u2018ni\u00e7in ve nedenleri\u2019 aras\u0131nda ekonomi-politi\u011fin \u00f6nemine k\u0131saca de\u011finmekte yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu k\u0131sa yaz\u0131da, Filistin-Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler ve Osmanl\u0131, ile -belki de pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan ilgiyle ele al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011fum- \u2018A\u00e7e\u2019 aras\u0131nda, bir ekonomi politik ili\u015fkisini g\u00fcndeme getirece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nabka ve A\u00e7e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k on y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretim kurumunda g\u00f6rev yaparken, A\u00e7e\u2019den gelen birka\u00e7 gen\u00e7 misafir ve \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u00f6\u011frencilerle, \u201cA\u00e7e\u2019de gazetecilik ve entellekt\u00fcalism\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir konu\u015fma tertip etmi\u015ftik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 May\u0131s\u2019a denk gelen o g\u00fcn, bulundu\u011fumuz salonun biti\u015fi\u011fine ise, Filistin\u2019de \u201cNabka\u201d g\u00fcn\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir ba\u015fka etkinlik vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flarken, \u00f6teki salondaki etkinli\u011fe at\u0131fta bulunarak, \u201c\u015eayet, Osmanl\u0131 A\u00e7e\u2019deki geli\u015fmeleri anlam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, bug\u00fcn Filistin sorunu ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmazd\u0131k\u201d demi\u015ftim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette, salonda bulunan az say\u0131daki izleyiciden, cevap gelmesini beklemiyordum, gelmedi de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kast\u0131m, tabii ki, \u00f6teki salonda tertip edilen konu\u015fman\u0131n anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyma de\u011fildi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, o t\u00fcr konu\u015fmalar\u0131n bitmek t\u00fckenmek bilmeyen hamasetle dolu y\u00f6nelimlerinin ne bize, ne Filistinlilere bir katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda besledi\u011fim \u015f\u00fcpheyi bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun \u00f6tesinde, sergiledi\u011fim bu yakla\u015f\u0131mla, ayn\u0131 zaman diliminde\/ayn\u0131 mek\u00e2nda, yan yana bulunan iki salondaki etkinliklerin irtibat\u0131n\u0131 kurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biz, Filistin konusu da biliyorduk, ancak, \u00f6tekiler A\u00e7e\u2019yi ve Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorlard\u0131… Kan\u0131mca, temel ayr\u0131m bu ve hatta, bunun \u00f6tesindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malum oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, Nabka g\u00fcn\u00fc, Filistinlilerin kendi topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildikleri 15 May\u0131s 1948 tarihine referans yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oysa, Filistin olgusu ve i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durum, Nabka\u2019dan \u00f6tedir…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benim, A\u00e7e-Osmanl\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki sorgulamam ve arg\u00fcman\u0131m ise, tarihin erken d\u00f6nemlerinden ba\u015flayarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fine de\u011fin uzanan ve uzun aral\u0131klarla ve de A\u00e7elilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ileti\u015fim kurma \u00e7abas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ciddi bir hat\u0131rlatmayd\u0131…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son g\u00fcnlerde kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m yaz\u0131lar\u0131n devam\u0131 olarak, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekece\u011fim Yahudi ekonomi-politi\u011finin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ekonomik ve siyasal bask\u0131n\u0131n \u2018Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n bir devam\u0131 oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu Avrupa ve Pogrom<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m yaz\u0131da, 1881 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak 1897\u2019de Zionist Te\u015fkilat\u2019\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu 1897 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir eyalet b\u00fcnyesindeki \u00f6zellikle de, K\u00fcdus Mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Yahudi yerle\u015fimcilere dair geli\u015fmeleri, birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli yay\u0131n \u00fczerinden ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rt temel madde \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m hususla, bug\u00fcn Filistin\u2019de olan biteni, acaba d\u00fcn, yani Yahudi yerle\u015fimcilerin ba\u011flam\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6rece erken denilebilecek d\u00f6nemde ne t\u00fcr geli\u015fmeler oldu\u011funu k\u0131saca ortaya koyarak a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6yle ki, Osmanl\u0131 devleti\u2019nce, Rusya\u2019da \u2018pogrom \u00fczerinden ve Do\u011fu Avrupa b\u00f6lgesinden ba\u015flayarak, \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018d\u0131\u015flamac\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 \u00fczerine g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ba\u015flad\u0131.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yahudi toplumunun Filistin topraklar\u0131nda toprak sat\u0131n almalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, mevcut a\u00e7\u0131klardan, y\u00f6netici karakteristi\u011finin yolsuzlukla ilgili y\u00f6nelimlerinden, ilgili Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin el\u00e7i ve konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n siyasal bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan hareketle, K\u00fcdus ve \u00e7evresinde giderek artan say\u0131da yerle\u015fmeleri s\u00f6z konusu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgin\u00e7tir, Rusya\u2019dan Yahudi ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yerine kurulan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda da, \u00f6rne\u011fin 1927, Anadolu \u00fczerinden devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yahudilerin uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerden biri hac maksad\u0131yla en az\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na K\u00fcdus\u2019e giri\u015f yapmalar\u0131; kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan zorluklar\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin b\u00f6lgedeki konsoloslar\u0131 ve \u0130stanbul\u2019daki el\u00e7ileri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmalar\u0131; b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015fik olan Yahudiler \u00fczerinden toprak sat\u0131n almalar\u0131; vatanda\u015fl\u0131k talebinde bulunmalar\u0131 gibi geli\u015fmeler dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu geli\u015fmelerde, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f olmaka \u00fczere iki temel husus oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2r. Bu husus, \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131larda oldu\u011fu gibi burada da, k\u0131saca dikkat \u00e7ekiyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 idaresi ve Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 fakt\u00f6r ise Osmanl\u0131 idari sistemi, memur kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n yolsuzluklar\u0131, ki, \u00f6rne\u011fin K\u00fcdus mutassarr\u0131flar\u0131ndan Re\u015fid Bey\u2019in, \u201cyasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollardan Yahudilere toprak sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili su\u00e7lamalara maruz kalmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan, Manast\u0131r\u2019a atanmas\u0131\u201d,[3]<\/a> ta\u015fra eyaletlerinin temel sorumlulu\u011funun merkeze vergi ta\u015f\u0131ma y\u00fck\u00fc ile belirlenmi\u015fli\u011fi gibi olgular\u0131 yok saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckm\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler belki de, d\u00f6nemin k\u00fcresel sermayesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan veya bu kurumlar\u0131n deste\u011fin ialan yap\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131yla K\u00fcdus ve \u00e7evresinde ekonomik faaliyetlere de giri\u015fmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 sorunun, salt yerle\u015fimci sorunu olmaktan \u00f6te bir boyuta evrildi\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklara dikkatle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mutassarr\u0131f Ali Ekrem Bey\u2019in Yahudi yerle\u015fimcilerin, salt dini saiklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmayan bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve \u00f6tesinde ekonomik nedenleri de i\u00e7eren boyutlar\u0131yla b\u00f6lgede n\u00fcfus ve teritoryal hakimiyet hedeflerini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutasarr\u0131flar\u0131n, merkeze yani, \u0130stanbul\u2019a vergi sa\u011flama gibi birincil ve \u00f6ncelikle sorunla y\u00fczle\u015fmeleri, \u201chem davet ve hem icab\u201d ko\u015fullar\u0131yla Yahudi kurumlar\u0131ndan edinilen bor\u00e7lar\u0131n[5]<\/a> ekonomik bir bor\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, siyasal sorun ve -kimileri i\u00e7in- siyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme evrilme e\u011filimi g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131na ku\u015fku yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum, Osmanl\u0131 idaresinin ve siyasetinin g\u00fcndemine ister istemez, Yahudi ekonomi-politi\u011finin girdi\u011fine i\u015farettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131da zikretti\u011fim, Filistin Ke\u015fif Fon\u2019u (Palestine Exploration Fund<\/em>) Yahudi Koloni Birli\u011fi (Jewish Colonization Association<\/em>-JCA) gibi kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n ilerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 rol\u00fc \u00fcstlenmesi Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler konusunda gelinen noktay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fivlerinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cYafa-K\u00fcdus Hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinde Bi\u2019ru-Abad b\u00f6lgesinde hafriyat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgili kurumlardan ruhsat alarak faaliyete ge\u00e7mesi<\/em>\u201d gibi geli\u015fmeler \u00f6zellikle ele al\u0131nmay\u0131 ve dikkatle incelenmeyi hak ediyor.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat ve sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu geli\u015fme, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da, \u2018Tanzimat\u2019la ba\u015flayan ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerine giderek artan ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, K\u00fcdus ve Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler geli\u015fmesinde bir ba\u015fka vecheden yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra benzer ve de paralel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi durumu g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gayet \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum, temelde Osmanl\u0131 sisteminde var olan hem, ekonomik ve hem de, b\u00fcrokratik yolsuzla\u015fman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herhalde, burada durup bir kez daha, Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019dan Mithat Pa\u015fa\u2019ya de\u011fin d\u00f6nemin siyasi foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken isimlere ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dikkatlice incelemek gerekiyor…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nihayetinde, ad\u0131na \u2018Tanzimat\u2019 denilen s\u00fcrecin var olan bu iki temel problemli alan\u0131 kontrole, yeniden in\u015faya ve hatta ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye matuf oldu\u011fu hat\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrecin, \u00e7e\u015fitli vesilelerle akamete u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcdus ve Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler meselesi kadar belki de, yeni y\u00fczy\u0131lla, yani 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131yla birlikte, di\u011fer baz\u0131 yeni geli\u015fmelerde de, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gayet \u00f6nemli ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7e\u2019yle ilgisi!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerek, Tanzimat ve gerekse, onun do\u011frudan uzant\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler meselesinde temel etken ekonomi-politik ba\u011flamda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 maliyesi\u201d olarak ele al\u0131p de\u011ferlendirmeyi tercih ettikleri meselenin, ekonomi-politik olarak ana bir ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi, ilgili d\u00f6nemleri ve geli\u015fmeleri anlama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gayet \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi yani, gelir ve giderler hususu malum uzmanlar\u0131nca ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, ele al\u0131nmayan husus, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ekonomi-politi\u011finin nas\u0131l ve ne \u015fekilde geli\u015fti\u011fi, hangi ko\u015fullarda duraklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geriledi\u011fi ve kas\u0131tl\u0131 ve bilin\u00e7li olarak ekonomi politik alana ni\u00e7in ilgi g\u00f6sterilmedi\u011fi gibi bir dizi soruya kayda de\u011fer, tatminkar cevaplar \u00fcretilip \u00fcretilmedi\u011fiyle alakal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi konusu \u00f6nce ekonomi-politik er\u00e7evede ele al\u0131p ard\u0131ndan k\u00fcresel geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za Hint Okyanusu geli\u015fmeleri ve Sumatra\u2019da A\u00e7e fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fcresel geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak ele almak gerekti\u011fini bir akademik \u00f6neri olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sorunu di\u011fer baz\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131mda k\u0131smen ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in burada bu olgunun detaylar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya gerek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, k\u0131saca s\u00f6ylemek istedi\u011fim Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomi-politik dar bo\u011fazlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fimini, Osmanl\u0131 idaresinin ondan birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce, diyelim ki, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda- Hint Okyanusu merkezli geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren k\u00fcresel ekonomi-politik geli\u015fmelere tutum ve refleksinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve s\u00f6z konusu k\u00fcresel ekonomi-politi\u011fin, kimi yazarlara emperyal d\u00f6nem olarak da an\u0131lan, bizim ise \u2018y\u00fcksek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik\u2019 olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yine, genelde Hint Okyanusu ve \u00f6zelde Sumatra\u2019da A\u00e7e odakl\u0131 geli\u015fmelere y\u00f6nelik politik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, Osmanl\u0131 ekonomi-politi\u011finin 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc duruma neden olmu\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn Filistin topraklar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nan geli\u015fmelerin salt dini (fundamentalist evanjelist), Yahudi milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi (siyonizm), k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin oyun alan\u0131 vb. tan\u0131mlamalarla anlamland\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En az\u0131ndan, Osmanl\u0131 devleti s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler meselesi ile toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrgit devam etmesinin ba\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 devleti olmak \u00fczele M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131n ekonomi-politik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde ne yap\u0131p ettikleriyle ya da ne yap\u0131p etmedikleriyle de ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belki, t\u00fcm ya\u015fananlar\u0131 Nabka\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve \u00f6tesinde, yeniden ve farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele almakta yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Kushner, David. (1996). \u201cAli Ekrem Bey, Governor of Jerusalem, 1906-1908\u201d, International Journal of Middle East Studies<\/em>, Vol. 28, No. 3, (August), s. 351. (349-362); Mandel, Neville J. (1974). \u201cOttoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908-Part I\u201d, Middle Eastern Studies<\/em>, Vol. 10, No. 3, (October), s. 312. (312-332).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> BOA, 571.35995.141854.89.1927.9.22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Mandel, Neville J. (1975). \u201cOttoman Practice as Regards Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908\u201d, Middle Eastern Studies<\/em>, Vol. 11, No. 1, (January), s. 39. (33-46).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> Kushner, David. (1996). A.g.e., s. 354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Mandel, Neville J. (1975). A.g.e., s. 39.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Mandel, Neville J. (1975). A.g.e., s. 37; BOA, BEO.3744.280775.24.04.1328.(5 May\u0131s 1910).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                                  20.10.2025 Filistin konusunun, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin son birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme olmas\u0131 kadar, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi ve teritoryal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\/egemenli\u011finin sona ermesi ve bu sona eri\u015fin \u2018ni\u00e7in ve nedenleri\u2019 aras\u0131nda ekonomi-politi\u011fin \u00f6nemine k\u0131saca de\u011finmekte yarar var. Bu k\u0131sa yaz\u0131da, Filistin-Yahudi yerle\u015fimciler ve Osmanl\u0131, ile -belki de pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan ilgiyle […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6168,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,59],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-ortadogumiddle-east"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6166"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6166\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}