Bug\u00fcnlerde k\u00fcresel politikan\u0131n g\u00fcndemi Paris\u2019teki \u0130klim Zirvesi olsa da, \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Paris kadar, 1-4 Aral\u0131k tarihlerinde Afrika ata\u011f\u0131 ile farkl\u0131 kulvarlarda var olabilme kapasitesi oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. \u00c7in Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015ei Cinping\u2019in \u00f6nce Zimbabwe, ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya yapaca\u011f\u0131 ziyaretler, \u00fclke ziyaretleri olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde anlam ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u015ei Cinping\u2019in bug\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi ziyaretle, yirmi y\u0131l sonra Zimbabwe\u2019ye resmi ziyarette bulunan ikinci \u00c7in devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olacak. \u00d6zellikle, Johannesburg\u2019da \u00c7in-Afrika zirvesi ve \u015ei Cinping\u2019in zirveye e\u015f ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yapacak olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme.<\/p>\n
Hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerce yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Mugabe 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019e resmi ziyarette bulunmu\u015ftu. Johannesburg\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek olan ve ilki 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00c7in-Afrika zirvesi ise, \u00c7in\u2019in K\u0131ta\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli bir at\u0131l\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor. \u00c7in-Afrika d\u0131\u015f ticaret hacminin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda 10 milyar Dolar\u2019dan, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla 300 milyar Dolar\u2019a \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in Afrika a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki agresif yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Bu yap\u0131lanman\u0131n ekonomik boyutuyla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, aksine Afrika a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda i\u015fin giderek g\u00fcvenlik stratejilerine do\u011fru evrildi\u011fi de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bunun son d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6rne\u011fi ise, \u00c7in\u2019in Cibuti\u2019de askeri \u00fcs kurma \u00e7abalar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n
Biri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi, di\u011feri sosyo-ekonomik geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00fcndemde yer i\u015fgal eden bir K\u0131ta. \u00c7in-Afrika yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn ne anlam ifade etti\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in, belki k\u0131sa bir istatiski bilgi ile ba\u015flamakta fayda var. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u0131\u015f ticaret orta\u011f\u0131 konumunda. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki rakam ise 200 milyar Dolar\u0131 buluyor. Bunun %44\u2019l\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00c7in\u2019in d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n
Afrika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, y\u00fcz y\u0131llar boyunca Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin k\u0131skac\u0131nda bir co\u011frafya oldu\u011fu hat\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, burada \u201cBat\u0131 nerede?\u201d veya \u201c\u00c7in ni\u00e7in Afrika\u2019da?\u201d sorular\u0131n\u0131 birbiri ard\u0131 s\u0131ra sormak gerekir. Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkelerin y\u00fcz y\u0131llar boyunca Afrika\u2019y\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131 ve utan\u0131las\u0131 bir durum de\u011fil, aksine Bat\u0131l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da \u201cEvet, biz y\u00fcz y\u0131llarca Afrika halklar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerine var\u0131ncaya kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fck\u201d c\u00fcmlesi, bizzat Bat\u0131l\u0131larca rasyonel bir duru\u015fun ifadesi olarak y\u00fcksek sesle seslendiriliyor. 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda gelen k\u00fcresel yeniden yap\u0131lanma s\u00fcrecinde Afrika\u2019n\u0131n pay\u0131na, gene Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler eliyle \u201cyukar\u0131dan-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya\u201d modernle\u015fme d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yukar\u0131dan-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya tabiri, asl\u0131nda Afrika i\u00e7in yeni bir kavram de\u011fil, aksine s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00fcz y\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 y\u00f6netimin bir ba\u015fka ad\u0131 olarak g\u00fcndeme geldi. \u201cYukar\u0131da\u201d kavram\u0131, bilgi ve teknolojilerin hakimi Bat\u0131l\u0131lara; \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya\u201d kavram\u0131 ise, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015f kesimleri i\u00e7ine alan, sosyo-ekonomik ma\u011fduriyetin tastamam oda\u011f\u0131ndaki topluluklara g\u00f6nderme yapar. Bu ikili aras\u0131ndaki ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan kesim ise, Bat\u0131l\u0131 e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda e\u011fitilmi\u015f geleneksel ve onlar\u0131n modern uzant\u0131lar\u0131 ara y\u00f6neticiler tak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak bu s\u00fcrecin Afrika toplumlar\u0131na arzu edilen modernle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini kendilerinin y\u00f6netebilece\u011fi bir alan a\u00e7mas\u0131 ihtimal dahilinde de\u011fildi. Temelde Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 odaklar\u0131n\u0131n gerek tekil devletler, gerekse D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, IMF, BM gibi uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131na \u201cyard\u0131m\u201d temelli modernle\u015ftirmeci \u00e7abalar\u0131 kontrol mekanizmas\u0131 kurmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir alanda kendini ortaya koydu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, koca k\u0131tay\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 kapitalizme al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma temrinleri \u015feklinde ge\u00e7ti\u011fini s\u00f6ylersek pek de yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn \u015fayet Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsak, bu noktada g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi gereken di\u011fer baz\u0131 sorular da olmal\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u201cAfrika ile \u00c7in\u2019i yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran unsur nedir?\u201d geliyor. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 boyunca Afrika\u2019ya \u201cyard\u0131m yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u201d yapan Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin, bu \u00fclke ekonomilerini y\u00f6netme ba\u011flam\u0131nda kendine yeter hale getirmede ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6lgesel ve k\u00fcresel politikalara ayarlanm\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde kendi kurdu\u011fu \u201cdemokratik de\u011ferler\u201d skalas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalarla Afrika toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da elitten m\u00fcte\u015fekkil y\u00f6netim \u00e7evrelerinin siyasi ihtiraslar\u0131na kurban b\u0131rakmas\u0131 da i\u015fin cabas\u0131. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde, k\u00fcresel taleplerdeki de\u011fi\u015fime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n bu y\u00f6netim \u00e7evrelerinden \u201cdemokratikle\u015fme, insan haklar\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler vb.\u201d ba\u011flamlardaki talepleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131nda, idarede yolsuzluklar temelinde k\u00f6kle\u015fmi\u015f yap\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermesi psikolojik bir refleksin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda alg\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte bug\u00fcn \u015ei Cinping\u2019in ziyaret edece\u011fi Zimbabwe (\u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6nemindeki Rodezya) buna en iyi \u00f6rnektir. 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Mugabe y\u00f6netimi Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fim taleplerine resti \u00e7ekerken, yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda ayn\u0131 resti \u00e7oktan \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve bunu Tiannenman Meydan\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Hong Kong vb. \u00f6rnekleriyle kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f, ancak ekonomik liberalizmle Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n modernle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine adaptasyonu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmi\u015f bir \u00c7in buldu. Asl\u0131nda bu durum, \u00c7in\u2019in, ABD ile yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fcresel a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m politikalar\u0131na karar verdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde, tam da istedi\u011fi bir geli\u015fme olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar olgusuyla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Mugabe\u2019nin, yukar\u0131da zikretti\u011fim \u00c7in ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki \u00fclkenin \u201cdostluk, e\u015fitlik ve kazan-kazan ilkelerine dayal\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, \u00c7in\u2019in bir t\u00fcr \u2018\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnyac\u0131\u2019 ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u201cdostane\u201d duru\u015fu Bat\u0131n\u0131n buyurgan politikalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Afrikal\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha cazip bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi ba\u015fta Zimbabwe olmak \u00fczere K\u0131ta\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerinin de hedefinde Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ctemel de\u011ferler vurgusuna\u201d maruz kalmadan, ekonomik kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine ad\u0131m atmak bulunuyor. Ancak \u00c7in\u2019in, K\u0131ta i\u00e7in b\u00f6ylesi bir hedefi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in, K\u0131ta\u2019daki bug\u00fcne kadarki icraat\u0131, \u201cyard\u0131m yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan\u201d \u00e7ok, alt yap\u0131 geli\u015ftirme ve ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu hammaddeleri temin ekseninde geli\u015fiyor. Tabii bir de, t\u0131pk\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinde Hint Alt K\u0131tas\u0131-Malay Tak\u0131madalar\u0131-\u00c7in aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri b\u00f6lgesel ve k\u00fcresel ticareti ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini kontrole mahsus yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011finin bug\u00fcn \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131yor olu\u015fudur. Bunun Afrika\u2019daki yans\u0131mas\u0131 ise, \u00c7in teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pazar pay\u0131n\u0131n giderek art\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek ziyaret vesilesiyle \u015ei Cinping-Mugabe\u2019nin imzalayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmalar aras\u0131nda finans, do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131 koruma, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ba\u015fta geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak \u00c7in\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k son otuz y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin neticesi olarak, bug\u00fcn \u00e7ok net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclen lokal ve ulusal d\u00fczeydeki do\u011fal fel\u00e2ketlerinin k\u00fcresel etkilerinin de Paris\u2019deki \u0130klim Zirvesi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla tan\u0131k olunuyor. Bir s\u00fcredir giderek yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131k olunan \u00c7in\u2019in, \u00f6zellikle bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerindeki g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131ran modern (!) \u015fehirlerini kaplayan hava kirlili\u011fi, 15 Ekim\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan bir raporda ortaya kondu\u011fu \u00fczere d\u00fcnya denizlerinin pl\u00e2stik at\u0131klarla kirleten \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in geliyor olu\u015fu vb. hususlar hi\u00e7 de yabana at\u0131lacak konular de\u011fil. \u00d6yle ki, ba\u015fta \u00c7in olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ekonomik kalk\u0131nmac\u0131l\u0131k yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yer alan t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler, gelecek elli y\u0131lda bu yolda devam m\u0131, yoksa kendi halklar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel kamuoyunu do\u011fal tehlikeler zincirinden kurtarmaya y\u00f6nelik politikalar m\u0131 geli\u015ftirecekleri sorunuyla, daha do\u011frusu ikilemiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.<\/p>\n
Tam da bu noktada, \u00c7in\u2019in Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131na yapaca\u011f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc modernle\u015ftirmeci yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6rnekli\u011fini, tabii ki \u00c7in\u2019deki otuz y\u0131ll\u0131k kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcreci olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r. Ancak \u00c7in y\u00f6netiminin Afrika devletleriyle bu kalk\u0131nma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ne kadar payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin ve \u201cyukardan-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya\u201d modernle\u015fmeci yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan ne kadar farkl\u0131l\u0131k arz edece\u011fini zamanla g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
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