{"id":3870,"date":"2021-05-30T14:16:40","date_gmt":"2021-05-30T14:16:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=3870"},"modified":"2021-05-30T14:16:40","modified_gmt":"2021-05-30T14:16:40","slug":"istanbul-fetih-ve-kuresel-anlam-dunyasi-istanbul-and-global-meaning-of-conquest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/istanbul-fetih-ve-kuresel-anlam-dunyasi-istanbul-and-global-meaning-of-conquest\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stanbul, fetih ve k\u00fcresel anlam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \/ \u0130stanbul and global meaning of conquest"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay 10.09.2021<\/strong><\/p>\n

29 May\u0131s 1453 tarihinin sadece, bu tarihi geli\u015fmenin akt\u00f6r\u00fc olan devletin yani, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilk\u00f6\u011fretimden y\u00fcksek lisen \u00f6\u011fretimine de\u011fin gen\u00e7 nesillere aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylemle bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kapan\u0131p bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgusu ile bizlere malumdur.<\/p>\n

Devletle\u015fme s\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/p>\n

Temelde, \u2018\u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7\u0131p\u2019, \u2018\u00e7a\u011f kapatma\u2019 olgusunun i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz co\u011frafi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr b\u00f6lgesinden ba\u015flayarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine do\u011fru bir dalga halinde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle \u015funu s\u00f6ylemekte fayda var ki, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin geldi\u011fi ve fetihle birlikte ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet ve toplum sisteminin temellerini olu\u015fturmas\u0131yla \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131ndaki siyasi ve toplumsal geli\u015fimi, me\u015fruiyeti, bir ba\u015fka \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, toplumsal haf\u0131za ve d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethiyle irtibatland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gayet \u00f6nemlidir. Bu anlamda, devlete bir nizam olu\u015fturmas\u0131, siyaset ve toplum felsefesi in\u015fas\u0131ndaki rol\u00fc g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemez.<\/p>\n

Devletin zor zamanlar\u0131nda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 ortaya konuldu\u011fu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde \u201ckadim\u201d d\u00f6neme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine temel te\u015fkil eden bu fetih olgusudur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc asli k\u00f6klerdeki \u00f6z niteliklerde arama \u00e7abas\u0131, kimilerinin g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi \u00fczere, basit anlam\u0131yla geriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de\u011fil, aksine asli niteliklerden hareketle ilgili d\u00f6nemin sorunlar\u0131na yeni ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulman\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f you ve bunun ad\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, \u2018\u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7\u0131p\u2019, \u2018\u00e7a\u011f kapatmak\u2019 olgusunun \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde ge\u00e7 Orta\u00e7a\u011f, erken modern ve R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6nemi Avrupa tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda da \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethedilmesi olgusuna \u00f6nem verildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6nem, ilerleyen y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle de, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da ad\u0131na Reform (reformation<\/em>) ve Yeniden Do\u011fu\u015f (renaissance<\/em>) s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\/art\u0131l\/mas\u0131, y\u00f6nlendirilmesinde bir referans noktas\u0131 olmas\u0131yla da dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, ba\u015fta Bat\u0131 Avrupa olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnya tarihini ele alan akademisyenlerin, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n akademik titizlik ve nosyon ile insaf ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen ba\u011flamlardan fer\u00e2gat etmeden yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu giri\u015fimle ne yapmak istedi\u011fini anlama \u00e7abas\u0131 sergilemektedirler.<\/p>\n

\u0130brahimi gelenek ve medeniyet nosyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n benzeri h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klardan farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na ve kendine bi\u00e7ti\u011fi varsay\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce temelleri \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseli\u015finin ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve sembolik bir ifadesi olarak, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi olgusu d\u00fcnya tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da gayet \u00f6nemli bir s\u00fcrece konu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, fiziki anlamda bir \u015fehrin ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin askeri ve maddi giri\u015fimlerin bir sonucu oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini yads\u0131mamakla birlikte, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Konstantiniyye\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irmesinin kadim dini ve medeniyetler ikliminin kendinde bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak anlamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u201cFetih\u201d olgusu kavram\u0131na da i\u00e7kin oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, bu tarihi hadisenin s\u0131radan bir sava\u015f geli\u015fmesi olarak de\u011fil, tam aksine dinler\/k\u00fclt\u00fcrler\/medeniyetler temelli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funa vurgu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu anlamda, tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7te g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za bir \u0130slam-H\u0131ristiyan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, kimilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmekle birlikte, temelde olan bitenin \u201c\u0130brahimi\u201d (Abrahamic<\/em>) gelene\u011fin ihyas\u0131 oldu\u011funu gayet a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymak gerekir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan tarihi geli\u015fme, kutsalla irtibatl\u0131 adalet temelli k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti siyasi eliti ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131 toplumsal d\u00fczeninin, Bizans co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve Bizans toplumu \u00fczerinde ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00f6nemin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bize bu y\u00f6nde kafi derecede veri sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Temelde, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi s\u00fcreci Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc, \u00e7ok dinli, \u00e7ok milletli bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe ula\u015fmas\u0131na ve b\u00f6ylesi bir \u00a0yap\u0131la\u015fmaya konu olmas\u0131na neden olurken, asl\u0131nda burada unutulan husus, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fetih \u00f6ncesindeki d\u00f6nemde sahip oldu\u011fu devlet ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemati\u011finin zaten buna i\u00e7kin oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011finin unutulmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel ger\u00e7eklik ve sapma <\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu co\u011frafi yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n modern d\u00f6nem s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131k nosyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve bunun s\u00f6m\u00fcrge idaresi ve ekonomisiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki bir hadise olmakla beraber, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve \u00f6zellikle de 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devlet olarak alg\u0131lama y\u00f6neliminin bug\u00fcn de belirli \u00e7evrelerde var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Bunun anla\u015f\u0131labilir y\u00f6nleri oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yok. \u00d6zellikle, Bat\u0131 sosyal bilimleri ve bunlar\u0131n geli\u015fimi ve yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin burada dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131nda yarar var.<\/p>\n

\u00d6yle ki, ad\u0131na sosyal bilimler denilen akademik alan\u0131n ye\u015ferdi\u011fi Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6zellikle 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca ya\u015fanan siyasal ve toplumsal geli\u015fmelerin genellemecili\u011fe tabi tutularak t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k tarihini anlamland\u0131rabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin belirleyici oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu bu Bat\u0131 sosyal bilimler alan\u0131na n\u00fcfuz eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131k olgusunun indirgemecili\u011fine kurban gitti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

En az\u0131ndan, s\u00f6z konusu bu sosyal bilimlerin geli\u015fimine kaynakl\u0131k te\u015fkil etti\u011fi belirtilen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131k olgusunun, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kendini anlama ve anlamland\u0131rma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu veya akademi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ba\u015fat bir unsur olarak kendini ortaya koysa da, ba\u015fka toplumlar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda temel dinamiklerin farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi olgusunu, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n teorilerine yaslanmaktan ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131klama imkan\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015f ve bunu orta \u00f6\u011fretim ve ad\u0131na \u00fcniversite denilen \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131nda, hem bu \u00fclkenin gen\u00e7lerine hem bu \u00fclkede \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalardan ve milletlerden \u00f6\u011frencilere aktarma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcr tarihe ihanetle e\u015f de\u011fer oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmakta yarar var.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z toplumun s\u00f6zde akademi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve \u00f6zellikle de, \u0130slam toplum ve medeniyetlerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na, geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kurumlar\u0131nda bile yer alanlar\u0131n, kendilerine tan\u0131nan akademik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131, tarihe ihanet edecek mahiyette kullanmalar\u0131na rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Adaletin yap\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin, bizatihi \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinin ortaya koydu\u011fu geli\u015fmenin bir sonucu olarak, \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinin gayet belirgin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kayda de\u011fer bir \u00f6nemle g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fi ortadad\u0131r. Bu durum, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemlerde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131na, yine d\u00f6neminin \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ula\u015fan bir bilgi olmakla bir ba\u015fka k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeye neden oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bizans imparatorlar\u0131ndan Constantine (Konstantin) kurmas\u0131 nedeniyle ve ona at\u0131fla Constantiniyye<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen bu \u015fehir, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz aras\u0131ndaki deniz yollar\u0131n\u0131n tam oda\u011f\u0131nda yer alan ve bu nedenle \u00e7ok daha erken d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren var olan ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumlar\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m ve haberle\u015fmelerinin, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin ve etkile\u015fimlerinin merkezinde yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinin konu oldu\u011fu geli\u015fmenin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin k\u0131smen Anadolu, biraz daha geni\u015f\u00e7e Balkanlar co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgesel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6neminin k\u00fcresel siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131na do\u011fru evrilmesinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu yap\u0131la\u015fma, yukar\u0131da dikkat \u00e7ekildi\u011fi \u00fczere Bizans sahip oldu\u011fu var say\u0131lan de\u011ferlerin \u0130brahim\u2019i gelene\u011fe eklemlenmesiyle yeni bir devlet, yeni bir siyaset ve toplum olgusunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ad\u0131na \u201cfetih\u201d denilen kavram\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00fczere, temelde fiziki olarak \u015fehrin ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden \u00f6te anlam\u0131yla\u00a0 yeni bir adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kendini ortaya koymaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve b\u00f6ylesi bir s\u00fcrecin geli\u015fti\u011fine tan\u0131k olunur.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarihsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrle, co\u011frafi bakiyesi olmas\u0131 hasebiyle T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ve bu ulus-devletin i\u00e7inde yer alan t\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131n, bu geli\u015fmeyi nas\u0131l anlamland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 meselesi ise \u00fczerinde durup d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken bir husustur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 30.05.2021 29 May\u0131s 1453 tarihinin sadece, bu […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3872,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3870"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3870\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3872"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}