{"id":367,"date":"2012-03-17T09:17:00","date_gmt":"2012-03-17T09:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8080\/ini\/?p=367"},"modified":"2012-03-17T09:17:00","modified_gmt":"2012-03-17T09:17:00","slug":"singapur-tarihi-bize-ne-soyluyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/singapur-tarihi-bize-ne-soyluyor\/","title":{"rendered":"Singapur Tarihi Bize Ne S\u00f6yl\u00fcyor?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                           5 May\u0131s 2011<\/b><\/div>\n

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Singa<\/i>, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Malay dilinde (Bahasa Melayu) kullan\u0131lmakla birlikte k\u00f6ken itibar\u0131yla Sankrit\u00e7e olup \u2018aslan\u2019 anlam\u0131na geliyor. Bu nedenledir ki, \u015fehrin g\u00f6be\u011finde, Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu giri\u015fine naz\u0131r k\u00fckreyen aslan heykeli \u00fclkeyi sembolize etmektedir. Pura<\/i>ise \u015fehir demek. Erken d\u00f6nem kurulu\u015fu 1160\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar geri giden bu Ada\u2019ya 1253 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019ndan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden kimi Malay topluluklar\u0131 Ada\u2019ya yerle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilir.[1]<\/a>Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k Adada aslanlar dev hayvanat bah\u00e7esine s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, liman sadece b\u00f6lgenin de\u011fil, do\u011fu ve bat\u0131n\u0131n dev kargo gemilerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapmakta. Adan\u0131n do\u011fu sahilinden ufka naz\u0131r bir konum ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131zda gemi bloklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir surla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/div>\n
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Singapur\u2019un \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u00e7\u0131lardan Malezya ile benzerli\u011finin k\u00f6keni bir anlamda tarihsel olarak co\u011frafi tan\u0131mlamada belirginlik kazan\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (1786-1957) bug\u00fcn Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve Singapur\u2019u i\u00e7ine alan topraklar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc Malaya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bug\u00fcn bile bu tarihi ve co\u011frafi ger\u00e7eklikten hareketle kimi \u00e7evreler Singapur\u2019un bir Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylemini g\u00fcndeme getirmektedirler. Tam da burada nas\u0131l oldu da Singapur\u2019un Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sormak gerekir. Bu soruya nisbeten a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da cevap vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Ancak \u015fimdilik \u015fu kadar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Singapur\u2019un siyasi bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak Malezya\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131, daha yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda kesinlik kazanm\u0131\u015f gibiydi. O d\u00f6nemlerde ada n\u00fcfusunun sadece ve sadece %15\u2019i gibi \u2013ki bug\u00fcn bu oran %13\u2019d\u00fcr- M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Malaylardan ibaretti.[2]<\/a> <\/div>\n
Singapur modern tarihi \u0130ngilizlerle ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi akla getirmektedir. Hindistan\u2019a yerle\u015fmi\u015f, Bengalde\u015f\u2019te ticari faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bir yandan da \u00c7in\u2019e uzanan \u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hint \u015eirketi\u2019nin y\u00f6neticileri, bu iki farkl\u0131 medeniyetin ve de co\u011frafyan\u0131n ortas\u0131nda giderek daha fazla g\u00fcvenlik sorunu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, belki de kendi anavatanlar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan ilhamla gene \u00e7areyi adalar ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ile kurulacak g\u00fcvenlik hatt\u0131na ba\u011flamak zorunda kald\u0131lar. \u00d6zellikle 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz ve Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da k\u0131yas\u0131ya m\u00fccadelelerinin geli\u015fme kaydetti\u011fi y\u00fczy\u0131l oldu. \u00d6nce Cava Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki ticaret liman \u015fehirlerinden \u00e7ekilen \u0130ngilizler, – Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Cava ve ard\u0131ndan Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019nda da giderek geni\u015fleyen hakimiyeti neticesinde- 1780\u2019li y\u0131llarda Malaka Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinden fer\u00e2gat etiklerinin il\u00e2n\u0131 say\u0131lacak \u015fekilde G\u00fcney Sumatra\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fehri Bencoolen\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kald\u0131lar.[3]<\/a>  Asl\u0131nda bu geli\u015fme, 17 Mart 1824 tarihinde imzalanan Londra Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey\u2013g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmesinin alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan \u00f6nemlibir unsur olarak tel\u00e2kki edilebilir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Hindistan-\u00c7in deniz ticaretinin g\u00fcvenlik sorununun Do\u011fu Hint \u015eirketi\u2019nin devam m\u0131 tamam m\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile y\u00fczle\u015fmelerinin sonucu Penang Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hakimiyeti ile ba\u015flayan yeni bir s\u00fcrecin tetikleyicisi oldu. Bu sularda kaptanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan Francis Light, daha 1770\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Genel Valisine sundu\u011fu \u201clahiyalar\u201d ile Penang Adas\u0131\u2019na konu\u015flan\u0131lmas\u0131 konusundaki \u00f6nerisini \u0131srara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. Valili\u011fin karar s\u00fcreci uzasa da nihayetinde 1796 y\u0131l\u0131nda o d\u00f6nem Malay Sultanl\u0131klar\u0131\u2019ndan Kedah\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ada olan Penang Sultan\u2019la yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmaya binaen \u0130ngiliz mal\u0131 say\u0131larak Prince of Wales Island <\/i>olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. [4]<\/a><\/div>\n
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G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fini, \u00fclke baz\u0131nda de\u011fil, b\u00f6lgesel ele almak gerekir. Bu nedenle Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na konu\u015flanarak \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fini anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Bunu ni\u00e7in s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz? Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Sumatra ve Cava\u2019daki Hollanda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderek emperyalizme evrilirken, hedefleri aras\u0131na Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 da koyuyordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130ngilizler Penang\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fini fark etmekle do\u011fu-bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik \u015feridinde alternatif \u00fcs aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi\u011finde Thomas Stamford Raffles\u2019\u0131n Singapur Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti\u011fine tan\u0131k oluruz. Singapur Adas\u0131, o d\u00f6nemde Riau\u2019da, yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda konu\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olan Cohor Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 neredeyse at\u0131l vaziyette bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcyd\u00fc. T\u0131pk\u0131 Light\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Raffles da, Singapur\u2019a -Cohor Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki iktidar m\u00fccadelesinden de istifade ile- c\u00fczi miktara sat\u0131n almas\u0131 \u2013asl\u0131nda 1824\u2019e kadar \u00f6denen c\u00fczi kira bedelinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngiliz mal\u0131 olmas\u0131yla, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgenin bug\u00fcne kadar uzanan kaderini etkileyecek bir geli\u015fmeye imza att\u0131. \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin tipik \u201cb\u00f6l-y\u00f6net\u201d projesine Malaya topraklar\u0131nda yeni bir a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Malay toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 -ki mevcut dokuz sultanl\u0131k birbirleri ile husumet halinde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen- elbette daha ba\u015fka saiklerle de \u00c7in ve Hintli n\u00fcfusu Malaya topraklar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131mak suretiyle n\u00fcfus denklemlerini alt \u00fcst etmeyi \u201cba\u015fard\u0131\u201d. \u0130ngilizler bununla kalmayarak, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin -bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle Straits Settlements\u2019\u0131n- ba\u015fkenti konumundaki Singapur\u2019daki idari, ticari ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na binaen \u00c7in n\u00fcfusunu Singapur\u2019da yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmak suretiyle buran\u0131n bir nevi bir \u00c7in havzas\u0131 haline gelmesine y\u00f6nelik kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir politika icra ettiler. Dr. Mahathir\u2019in \u0130ngilizlerin uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 politikas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fta Singapur olmak \u00fczere Malaya topraklar\u0131nda i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0131rk temelli yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu ifade eder.[5]<\/a> <\/div>\n
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T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde Malay M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in Singapur ne anlam ifade eder sorusu g\u00fcndeme getirilmelidir. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde uygulama koydu\u011fu politik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Hac organizasyonlar\u0131nda giderek artan \u015fekilde sorunlar ya\u015famalar\u0131, buna mukabil \u0130ngilizlerin bu konuda daha esne
\nk olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Buharl\u0131 gemilerin okyanus \u00f6tesi seferleri  nedeniyle Singapur, Cava ve Sumatra k\u00f6kenli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Hac organizasyonlar\u0131nda merkez olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu de\u011fi\u015fim, giderek daha fazla say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131n Cava\u2019dan ve Sumatra\u2019dan Singapur\u2019a ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden oldu. Her ne kadar, kimi gruplar Singapur\u2019da yerle\u015fse de, yo\u011fun \u00c7in g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturamad\u0131lar. Bununla birlikte, \u0130ngilizlerinde g\u00f6\u00e7men politikalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, yukar\u0131da zikretti\u011fimiz hac organizasyonlar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ba\u015f\u0131na bir i\u015f haline gelmesi, kutsal topraklarda hac organizasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n Singapur\u2019da ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumuna neden oldu.[6]<\/a><\/div>\n
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Singapur\u2019un kurulu\u015fu salt b\u00f6lgesel bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131makla kalmaz, d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki merkezi olarak tarih sahnesinde yer almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Siyasal ve ekonomik ba\u011flamlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde Singapur\u2019un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hollanda tekelcili\u011finin aksine zamanla b\u00f6lgede liberal ekonominin hayata ge\u00e7irilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu geli\u015fme \u00fczerine, Singapur Adas\u0131, tarihi Malaka \u015fehrinin k\u00fcllerinden do\u011fan bir di\u011fer Malay liman \u015fehri stat\u00fcs\u00fc olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.[7]<\/a>Singapur, \u0130ngilizlerin Malaya s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesinin ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131 kadar, co\u011frafi olarak \u00c7in\u2019e yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle de pek \u00e7ok misyoner olu\u015fumun \u201catlama ta\u015f\u0131\u201d olmas\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7eker. Bununla birlikte, Ada\u2019da konu\u015flanan kimi misyoner olu\u015fumlar, Malaya genelinde kabul edildi\u011fi \u00fczere ilk modern okulla\u015fma faaliyetlerini ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Bu s\u00fcrecin ilk basamaklar\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz kilisesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.[8]<\/a> <\/div>\n
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Misyoner olu\u015fumlra, zamanla ve de \u00f6zellikle e\u011fitim sahas\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile Ada\u2019daki -i\u00e7inde Malaylar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131- Asyal\u0131lar\u0131 okullar\u0131na \u00e7ekmekle kalmad\u0131lar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin e\u011fitim sahas\u0131ndaki destek\u00e7isi olarak sek\u00fcler okullar\u0131n y\u00f6netimini de \u00fcstlendiler.[9]<\/a>\u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netiminin y\u00f6nlendirmesi ve misyonerlerin bizatihi \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonucu, Malay halk\u0131n e\u011fitim \u201dihtiyac\u0131n\u0131\u201d da kar\u015f\u0131lama konusundaki giri\u015fimler g\u00f6rece ge\u00e7 bir d\u00f6neme rastlasa da uygulama konulur. Bu ba\u011flamda 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Telok Belanga ve Kampong Gelam gibi Malay yerle\u015fimcilerin \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu iki b\u00f6lgede Malay okullar\u0131 hizmete girdi. D\u00f6nemin Cohor Sultan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da misyonerlerin e\u011fitim faaliyetlerine \u201ctakdirle\u201d kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu ifade edelim.[10]<\/a>Cohor Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir zamanlar merkezi konumundaki Kampong Gelam\u2019da bug\u00fcn Malay Medeniyetleri M\u00fczesi yer al\u0131yor. Geni\u015fte bir sahay\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan, Sultan Camii\u2019nin kimlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yerle\u015fim yeri tarihin izini bug\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/div>\n
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\u00d6zellikle gittikleri co\u011frafyalara k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede adaptasyonlar\u0131 ile bilinen \u00c7inlilerin H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kolay kabul g\u00f6rmese de, e\u011fitime duyduklar\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7, \u00f6zellikle de \u0130ngiliz diline hakimiyetin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 avantajlar\u0131 somut bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famlar\u0131nda tecr\u00fcbe etmeleri, zamanla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 misyoner okullar\u0131na g\u00f6ndermelerine neden oldu. Metodist, Anglo-\u00c7in vb. adlarla an\u0131lan bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc okullar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bug\u00fcn Singapur\u2019un d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda y\u00fckselen kiliseler o d\u00f6nemin eserleri olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. Misyonerlerin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ba\u015flayan ve geli\u015ftirilen e\u011fitim faaliyetleri bug\u00fcn Singapur\u2019un e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da kayda de\u011fer bir durum te\u015fkil etmektedir.[11]<\/a><\/div>\n
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Singapur bir yandan \u00c7inli \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa ev sahipli\u011fi yaparken, \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda giderek artan bir Arap M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinden g\u00f6\u00e7lere tan\u0131k olunur. da var oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1880\u2019li y\u0131llarda gerek Yemen Hadramut\u2019tan gerekse Cava Adas\u0131\u2019ndan Araplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, A\u00e7e, Patani ve Palembang\u2019dan kutsal topraklarda e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f hocalar\u0131n konu\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mek\u00e2n haline gelir. Bu ba\u011flamda, Ada\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lge M\u00fcsl\u00fcman camias\u0131n\u0131n entellekt\u00fcel bir merkezi konumuna y\u00fckseldi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.[12]<\/a>T\u00fcccarlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tarihi bir s\u00fcreklili\u011fin ifadesi olarak \u0130slam alimlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Singapur\u2019da kurulan medreseleri diri tutarken, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda modernist \u0130slamc\u0131 hareketle -ki bu hareketin en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131 \u015eeyh Ahmet el-Hadi liderli\u011findeki bir kadro taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan  \u201cAl-Imam\u201d dergisi \u00e7evresinde olu\u015ftu- birlikte yay\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n giderek h\u0131z kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/div>\n
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Singapur\u2019un 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir misafiri olacakt\u0131r. Bu misafir Constantinople\u2019dan kalkan ve Japonya\u2019ya hareket eden Ertu\u011frul gemisidir. 609 m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 ile II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminin \u201c\u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n\u201d bir projesi olarak ve Japon Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na resmi ziyaret ad\u0131yla ba\u015flayan bu gezi bir anlamda \u0130slam Birli\u011fi projesi propogandas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015f\u00fcphe yok. O d\u00f6nemde, A\u00e7e Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hollanda Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na konu olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rotas\u0131 \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, A\u00e7e liman\u0131na u\u011framasa da, Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bulu\u015fma noktas\u0131 h\u00fcviyetindeki Singapur Liman\u0131\u2019na demir atmas\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda heyecanla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. <\/div>\n
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http:\/\/www.dunyabulteni.net\/?aType=haber&ArticleID=158626<\/b><\/a> <\/p>\n


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[1]<\/a>Frank Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya<\/i>, 7thEdition, George Allen and Unwin LTD., London, 1955, s. 13-4. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[2]<\/a>Mahathir Mohamad, A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad<\/i>, MPH Publishing, Kuala Lumpur, 2011, s. 49.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[3]<\/a>G.C. Allen; Audrey G. Donnithorne, Western Enterprise in Indonesia And Malaya: A Study in Economic Development<\/i>, George Allen, II. Bask\u0131, Ruskin House, London, 1962, s.
\n19. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[4]<\/a>Michael S. Northcott, \u201cTwo Hundred Years of Anglican Mission\u201d, In Christianity In Malaysia: A Denominational History<\/i>, (eds.) Robert Hunt, Lee Kam Hing, John Roxborogh, Pelanduk Publications, Seminari Theologi Malaysia, Eagle Trading, Selangor, Malaysia, 1992, s. 34. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[5]<\/a>Mahathir Mohamad, A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, <\/i>s. 168.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[6]<\/a>Iskander Mydin, \u201cThe Singapore Malay\/Muslim Community: Nucleus of Modernity\u201d, In Khoo Kay Kim, Elinah Abdullah, Wan Meng Hao (Ed.), Malay\/Muslims in Singapore: Selected Readings in History 1819-1965<\/i>, Pelanduk Publications, Singapore, 2006, s. 118; Anthony Milner, The Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, s. 159. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[7]<\/a>G.C. Allen; Audrey G. Donnithorne, Western Enterprise in Indonesia And Malaya: A Study in Economic Development<\/i>, George Allen, II. Bask\u0131, Ruskin House, 1962, London, s. 22; A. M.Skinner, \u201cHistory of the British Connection with Malaya\u201d, JMBRAS, No. 10, December, 1882, Singapore, 1882, s. 276.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[8]<\/a>G. P. Dartford, A Short History of Malaya<\/i>, Longmans, London, 1956, s. 153; Chua Bok Chye, Malacca High School: 1826-2006<\/i>, Kuala Lumpur, 2006, s. 30; Michael S. Northcott, \u201cTwo Hundred Years of Anglican Mission\u201d, In Christianity In Malaysia: A Denominational History<\/i>, (eds.) Robert Hunt, Lee Kam Hing, John Roxborogh, Pelanduk Publications, Seminari Theologi Malaysia, Eagle Trading, Selangor, Malaysia, 1992, s. 34. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[9]<\/a>Robbie B. H. Goh, Christianity in Southeast Asia<\/i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2005, s. 48-9. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[10]<\/a>Abu Bakar Hamzah, Al-Imam: Its Role in Malay Society 1906-1908<\/i>, Pustaka Antara, Kuala Lumpur, 1991, s. 63. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[11]<\/a>Report of the Central Advisory Committee on Education, CO 717\/190\/52336, National Archive of Singapore, s. 63.  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[12]<\/a>Anthony Milner, The Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya<\/i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, s. <\/div>\n
159. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay                                                                                                           5 May\u0131s 2011 Singa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Malay dilinde (Bahasa Melayu) kullan\u0131lmakla birlikte k\u00f6ken itibar\u0131yla Sankrit\u00e7e olup \u2018aslan\u2019 anlam\u0131na geliyor. Bu nedenledir ki, \u015fehrin g\u00f6be\u011finde, Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu giri\u015fine naz\u0131r k\u00fckreyen aslan heykeli \u00fclkeyi sembolize etmektedir. Puraise \u015fehir demek. Erken d\u00f6nem kurulu\u015fu 1160\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar geri giden bu Ada\u2019ya 1253 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sumatra Adas\u0131\u2019ndan g\u00f6\u00e7 […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-singapur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=367"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/367\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=367"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}