Mehmet \u00d6zay 23.06.2018<\/p>\n
Built on a flat geography, Leiden stands out not only as a city of canals but also as a center of science. However, beyond this geographical and intellectual characteristic, it is also noteworthy for being one of the leading regions in a certain period of history that has been characterized by a period of religious development such as the reform movement and economic development such as capitalism.<\/p>\n
It is possible to say that the meeting point of the two rivers, which are tributaries of the Rhine and were instrumental in the establishment and development of the city, led to the gradual progression of migration and commercial activity in the Middle Ages. Today, the area is a center of food and drink, where locals and tourists alike can watch the sun turn red on the horizon.<\/p>\n
It can be pointed out that the city had some advantages due to its location in the Northwest of the European continent and that this was important for the two important social changes noted above. Trade with northern Europe on the one hand, and with the Mediterranean geography to the south on the other, by land and especially by sea, was supported by river and land trade towards the interior of Europe. The Dutch preoccupation with the sea and trade enabled them to expand to distant seas and geographies about a century after the maritime merchant structure that emerged from the Iberian Peninsula.<\/p>\n
Windmills, which are the symbol of the city of Leiden as well as the whole country, the Netherlands, were also important tools in textile production towards the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period. Speaking of textiles, we should not forget the orphans...<\/p>\n
Developing commercial life not only improved the production of commodities, but also required a labor force to produce these commodities. In this process, it is noteworthy that the labor shortage was filled not only by orphans living in the city, but also by orphans brought from other regions. Orphans, who today are classified as 'child laborers', were undoubtedly having a different orientation by having a profession in the working life they started at an early age. Of course, this does not mean that there were no institutions for orphans in the city's past.<\/p>\n
The building, called the 'Holy Spirit Orphanage', was built towards the end of the 16th century and expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries. Although we do not know whether the orphans working in the textile industry and the orphans living in this orphanage belong to the same group, it is possible to make an optimistic approach. Because the location of the orphanage is not on the edge of the city, but right in the middle of it, close to the textile production centers of the period.<\/p>\n
A distinction was also made between male and female orphans: boys were more likely to gain qualifications in the textile industry, while girls were oriented towards learning domestic work. This centuries-old institution continued to serve orphans until 1961. Today, the building that housed the orphanage is a center for children's rights and archaeology in the municipality of Leiden.<\/p>\n
The two transportation networks I have pointed out above, namely the commercial interaction with the north and south on the one hand, and the contact with the seas on the other hand, being adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, were the subject of a dynamic coexistence of the merchant and seafaring segments operating in the region. The meeting of capital with the labor force enabled the development of economic life, one of the indispensable institutions of society.<\/p>\n
On the other hand, since the critical thinking against the Catholic structure of Christianity emerged predominantly in the Nordic countries, the Netherlands also took its place in this development in one way or another. To put it in general terms, the change that took place in the early 16th century did not only lead to a change in thought and practice, but was also the subject of important ruptures marked by social conflicts and wars. This change in religious beliefs and practices manifests itself in Calvinism in the Netherlands, as opposed to the Lutheran influence in neighboring countries. Just like in England...<\/p>\n
This struggle seems to have led to the destruction of places as well as people. Although it is difficult to find Catholic churches and their distinctive architecture, a small 'chapel' left from the destructive struggle bears witness to that period. In the previous article, I mentioned that my host showed me the chapel, whose foundation dates back to 1492. St. Ann Hospice<\/em> 'chapel'... While prostheticism draws attention with the importance it attaches to individualism and human reason at its source, it has brought restrictions as well as 'freedoms' in urban life.<\/p>\n As life changed, it became too repulsive and exclusionary to tolerate the presence of Catholic churches. There was a time when the Calvinist ecclesiastical authority did not allow other faiths to build their shrines overlooking the main squares and roads of the city. The presence of the symbol of the cross in the cemetery where the graves of those who have served the city and its intellectual, cultural and academic development throughout history are located must be an extension of this kind of understanding. Or it is possible to think that such 'pioneering' figures no longer have ties with Catholicism.<\/p>\n If we take these two aspects as the main changes, we can say that the commercial life on the one hand, and the values formed by religious beliefs and practices on the other, are still present in Leiden in one form or another. In other words, despite the wars, this historical process can still be physically observed in the religious and secular buildings in the city. Windmills, at least some of them, are still standing. The textile production centers next to some of them have now turned into other places.<\/p>\n Although the city is known and recognized with the phenomenon of secularization, the huge religious temples in the center of the city, which give meaning to the space and society, continue to live their own adventure internally even today. One of the important phenomena in this meeting of the city's meaningfulness is the key, the symbol of the city. The fact that the city has such an important sacred reference to St. Paul, who is believed to hold the keys to heaven and for whom there is a church in the city, sends the message 'I am still here' to the people who head towards the center every day by canals or bridges.<\/p>\n Leiden University, which can be considered as the element behind the thinking and practice that evolved into the Reformation period and from there into secularization at the end of a long development process, is located right in the middle of the city, and it should be noted that it has a history that dates back at least to the early modern period. In Leiden, one of the first places to be liberated from Spanish Catholic rule, the university was founded as the first Protestant Dutch seat of learning. And its adventure continues to this day...<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 27.07.2018 D\u00fcz bir co\u011frafya \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2475,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2472","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunluk-yazilar","category-sosyoloji-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2472"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2472\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2475"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2472"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}