{"id":2096,"date":"2017-08-08T11:00:10","date_gmt":"2017-08-08T11:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/?p=2096"},"modified":"2017-08-08T11:00:10","modified_gmt":"2017-08-08T11:00:10","slug":"asya-pasifikde-bagimsizligin-zorlu-tarihi-formidable-history-of-independence-in-asia-pacific","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/asya-pasifikde-bagimsizligin-zorlu-tarihi-formidable-history-of-independence-in-asia-pacific\/","title":{"rendered":"Asya-Pasifik\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zorlu tarihi \/ Formidable history of Independence in Asia-Pacific"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a008.08.2017<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u011fustos ay\u0131 Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n il\u00e2n edildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. B\u00f6lgedeki farkl\u0131 milletlerin bu ayda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihi bir tesad\u00fcfe i\u015faret etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilirse de, baz\u0131 somut geli\u015fmelerin de bu geli\u015fmede rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bu noktada, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 veya b\u00f6lgede yayg\u0131n olarak bilindi\u011fi \u015fekliyle Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ma\u011flubu Japonya\u2019n\u0131n 15 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019de teslim bayra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekmesinin rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

26 Temmuz 1945 tarihinde kabul edilen Postdam Deklarasyonu, Japonlar\u0131n \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Asya\u2019 idealinin sonuna i\u015faret ederken, nihai karar ABD\u2019nin 6 A\u011fustos\u2019da Hiro\u015fima ve ard\u0131ndan 9 A\u011fustos\u2019da Nagazaki\u2019ye atom bombas\u0131 atmas\u0131yla verildi. B\u00f6ylece 1942 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya topraklar\u0131na giren Japonlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l s\u00fcren askeri y\u00f6netimlerinin sona ermesiyle, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar pe\u015fpe\u015fe gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesi temelde \u00fc\u00e7 Avrupa \u00fclkesinin, yani \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve emperyalizm faaliyetlerine konu olmakla birlikte, di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131 milletlerin ve ard\u0131ndan ABD\u2019nin de b\u00f6lgede farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve derecelerde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri oldu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftiren ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilen milletlerin birbiriyle e\u015fitlenmesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k olgusuna ra\u011fmen, o g\u00fcnden bu yana b\u00f6lgenin jeo-politik dengelerinin de \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde yine benzer yap\u0131larca \u015fekillendirildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f re\u00e7etesi: Japonya <\/strong><\/p>\n

1945, 1947 ve 1957 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Endonezya, Malezya, Singapur, Hindistan, Pakistan gibi \u00fclkeler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131lar. Vietnam gibi baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler, sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn farkla Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 elde ederken, \u00c7in de yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde co\u011frafi ve siyasi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden elde etti. B\u00f6lge milletlerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Japonlar\u0131n g\u00fcneyde hakim olduklar\u0131 son b\u00f6lge olan ve bug\u00fcn ad\u0131na Endonezya denilen Tak\u0131madalar ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eker. Daha Japonlar fiziki olarak olmasa da, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00fcndeme gelse de, yine Japonlar\u0131n etkisinden bahsedilebilir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge halklar\u0131, Japonlar\u0131n Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 1905\u2019de elde etti\u011fi zaferi, bir Asya ulusunun Avrupal\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 addederek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k konusunda manevi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131lar. Ayn\u0131 Japonya\u2019n\u0131n 1942\u2019de G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya topraklar\u0131na n\u00fcfuzunun b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131nca Hollanda ve \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir t\u00fcr kurtulu\u015f re\u00e7etesi kabul edilmesinin nedeni de budur. Ayr\u0131ca, Japon y\u00f6netiminin bu topraklarda milliyet\u00e7i hareketlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f, onlar\u0131 desteklemi\u015f ve hatta ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k konusunda te\u015fvik edici olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130deolojiler ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k <\/strong><\/p>\n

Pasifik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitmesiyle, zaten eli kula\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketleri birer birer bayraklar\u0131 g\u00f6ndere \u00e7ektiler. Asl\u0131nda i\u015fin bu kadar kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lere yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Genel itibar\u0131yla, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine konu olan co\u011frafyalarda \u0130slamc\u0131 hareketlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra milliyet\u00e7i, kom\u00fcnist yap\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n da birbiri ard\u0131na ne\u015fet etti\u011fi, bunlar\u0131n birbirleriyle dirsek temas\u0131ndan ve hatta kimi b\u00f6lgelerde kol kola girdiklerindne ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7teki i\u015fbirlikleri sayesinde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve bunlar\u0131n uzant\u0131lar\u0131na meydan okuduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te s\u00f6m\u00fcrge e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen ve ad\u0131na \u2018yerli ayd\u0131n\u2019 denilen gruplar ile geleneksel alimler \u00e7evrelerinin rol\u00fc kayda de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da zikredilen ve \u2018Asya\u2019 \u00fcst kimli\u011fine sahip olan \u00fclkelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131, Avrupal\u0131 milletler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcren s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik sonras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fim anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, Vasco da Gama\u2019n\u0131n 1498\u2019de Bat\u0131 Hindistan sahilinde karaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan uzun erimli s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve emperyalizm d\u00f6nemi sona erdi. Be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131la varan bu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve emperyalizm b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 kadar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Bat\u0131\u2019da da \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimlere neden oldu. Bu anlamda, bu uzun erimli s\u00fcre\u00e7 farkl\u0131 milletleri de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekilde etkileyen k\u00fcresel de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve yenilikleri de beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve kopu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da zikredilen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yer alan Hindistan, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminde Pakistan ve Banglade\u015f\u2019i de i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde devasa bir co\u011frafyaya tekab\u00fcl ediyordu. \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin hakim oldu\u011fu ve g\u00fcne\u015f batmayan imparatorluk kavram\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli pay\u0131 olan \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck Hindistan\u2019\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar nedeniyle tarihsel olarak \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Endonezya, Malezya ve Singapur topraklar\u0131ndan m\u00fcte\u015fekkil kadim M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Malay topluluklar\u0131, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel ve co\u011frafi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6lgesinde hakim bir nitelik arz ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu iki co\u011frafya, yani Hint Alt k\u0131tas\u0131 ve geni\u015f Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda tarihin erken d\u00f6neminden itibaren ba\u015flayan siyasi, dini-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim \u0130slamla\u015fmayla birlikte yeni bir evreye girdi. Bu anlamda, alt k\u0131ta hem kara hem de deniz yoluyla \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n merkezi kabul edilen kutsal topraklar ile Malay d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir etkile\u015fimi sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rece bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye i\u015faret eden bu co\u011frafi devaml\u0131l\u0131k ve bunun getirdi\u011fi dini-siyasi ili\u015fkilerin hasara u\u011framas\u0131, 1945 ve sonras\u0131nda elde edilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klara ra\u011fmen tesirleri bug\u00fcne kadar devam eden geli\u015fmelere neden oldu. \u0130ngilizlerin 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00f6nce \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck Hindistan\u2019 ve ard\u0131ndan Malay Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda yay\u0131lma g\u00f6sterirken, Hollandal\u0131lar da 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren, bug\u00fcn ad\u0131na Endonezya denilen Tak\u0131madalar\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik s\u00fcrecini yap\u0131land\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bat\u0131 Asya\u2019dan Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da do\u011fru uzanan yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biri, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde ya\u015fand\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda, \u0130ngilizlerle-Hollandal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda 1824 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan anla\u015fma, Malaka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyi ve g\u00fcneyinin sadece co\u011frafi anlamda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine de\u011fil, geni\u015f Malay toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n da birbirinden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olan Sumatra Anla\u015fmas\u0131 kayda de\u011fer bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Malezya, Singapur, Pakistan, Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yerine, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u0130ngilizlerle masa ba\u015f\u0131nda al\u0131nan kararlar belirleyici olurken, bu topraklardaki etnik ve dini topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda klasik tabiriyle b\u00f6l-y\u00f6net takti\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin emperyalizme evrildi\u011fi 1850 ve sonras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde yayg\u0131n olarak fiiliyata ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgede ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na kavu\u015fan milletlerin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ortaya koyduklar\u0131 \u00e7aba ve gayret elbette ki g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemez. Bununla birlikte, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015fa konu olan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkelerinin merkezde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 maddi boyuttaki y\u0131k\u0131m ve bunun do\u011furdu\u011fu var olu\u015fsal \u00e7eli\u015fki, ellerindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131nda hakimiyetin de art\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131ra dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve elden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir y\u00fck haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de ger\u00e7e\u011fin bir di\u011fer alan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu ba\u011flamda, kazan\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar ile bah\u015fedilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar gibi iki farkl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/tr\/analiz-haber\/asya-pasifikte-bagimsizligin-zorlu-tarihi\/879657<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet \u00d6zay \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a008.08.2017 A\u011fustos ay\u0131 Asya-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n il\u00e2n […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2097,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asya-pasifik","category-gunluk-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2096"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2096\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2096"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2096"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guneydoguasyacalismalari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}